{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T14:54:41Z","timestamp":1777733681134,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["INQUIRY"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In Ethiopia, the WHO strategies to stop coronavirus transmission were implemented rapidly. As a result, there was a rapid change in hygiene behavior, which are basic for preventing COVID-19 and other contagious diseases. This research was designed to examine the sustainability of the COVID-19 imposed hygiene behaviors for future challenges. The study was conducted in 2 major nexus areas in Addis Ababa. The data were collected using a questionnaire and spot-check from 622 respondents selected by systematic random sampling. The questionnaire was given at every 15th interval in several spots of the site. Observational hygiene-check was done through observing key personal hygiene conditions. Proportion, \u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    test, and Poisson\u2019s regression were applied for the analysis. The \u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    -test analyses showed that the hand washing frequency before, during, and post-COVID-19 was statistically significant ( P\u2009&lt;\u2009.005). Findings from the spot-check also show that the hands of 76.8%, the nails of 68.7%, and the hairs of 70.7% of the respondents were clean. The major driving factors for the rapid changes in hygiene behavior were the awareness developed (95%), the fear and panic (90%), and increased access to water and soap (63%). Nevertheless, the major reasons for failing to continue the COVID-19-imposed good hygiene practice in the post-COVID-19 times include the decline in infection and death rates (26%) and the decline in facility access (20%). Hand washing frequency significantly changed during the COVID-19 pandemic indicating that the practice as part of the preventive strategy was successful. However, as this was mainly due to the fear and panic in the community, the COVID-19 imposed hand washing practice did not bring real and sustainable behavioral changes. This indicates that for long-lasting changes in hygiene behavior, continuous and better approach need to be introduced.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580231218421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]],"date-time":"2023-12-23T05:37:42Z","timestamp":1703309862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Hygiene Behavior and COVID-19 Pandemic: Opportunities of COVID-19-Imposed Changes in Hygiene Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1962-1774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnan Sirage","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotebe University of Education, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meseret W.","family":"Yohannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotebe University of Education, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsedey","family":"Tesfahun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotebe University of Education, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00469580231218421","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.08.002"},{"key":"bibr2-00469580231218421","volume-title":"Key Messages and Actions for COVID-19 Prevention and Control in Schools","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr3-00469580231218421","volume-title":"WHO COVID-19 Dashboard","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr4-00469580231218421","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2018.01.021"},{"key":"bibr5-00469580231218421","volume-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Infection Prevention Precautions: Scientific Brief, 09 July 2020","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr6-00469580231218421","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.124610"},{"key":"bibr7-00469580231218421","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70224-3"},{"key":"bibr8-00469580231218421","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2018.02.007"},{"key":"bibr9-00469580231218421","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-020-00236-5"},{"key":"bibr10-00469580231218421","volume-title":"Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health","author":"Pruss-Ustun A","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr11-00469580231218421","volume-title":"Hygiene Behavior Change and COVID-19","author":"Dreibelbis R.","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr12-00469580231218421","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004265.pub2"},{"key":"bibr13-00469580231218421","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70600-4"},{"key":"bibr14-00469580231218421","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.04.019"},{"key":"bibr15-00469580231218421","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2007.06.004"},{"key":"bibr16-00469580231218421","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/79.1.109"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr17-00469580231218421","first-page":"117","volume":"81","author":"Daniels I","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"bibr18-00469580231218421","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines on hand hygiene in health care. First global patient safety challenge. Clean care is safer care. WHO. 2009. 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