{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:03:48Z","timestamp":1787018628072,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["INQUIRY"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Worldwide, indulgence in high-risk behaviors such as substance abuse is on the rise in street children. Though substance abuse among street children has been investigated and reported in Pakistan, few studies have explored the relationship between narcotic use and its associated factors. This study was conducted to determine factors associated with narcotic use among street children in Islamabad Capital Territory. An analytical cross-sectional survey of a probability-based sample of 443 (males) street children aged 12 to 18\u2009years, was conducted in Islamabad in March 2022. Using self-reported measures, the relationship between narcotic use and associated factors was determined using multivariate regression analysis. Out of 443 street children, with a mean age of 16.3\u2009\u00b1\u20091.6\u2009years, 244\u2009(55%) were between 17 and 18\u2009years old. 119 (26.9%) worked as garbage collectors and 76 (17.2%) worked as car washers. The most common substance used was cigarettes in 285\u2009(64.3%), naswaar in 172\u2009(38.8%), hashish in 144\u2009(32.5%), and alcohol in 63\u2009(14.2%) street children. There were 164 (37%) street children who admitted having used narcotics (hashish, heroin, and bhang). On multivariate analysis, age\u2009&gt;\u200916\u2009years (OR: 2.3), sleeping on the streets (OR: 2.4), higher monthly income\u2009&gt;\u2009Rs.18,000 (OR: 1.6), use of drugs by friends (OR: 5), and involvement in the selling of drugs (OR: 10.3) were independently associated with narcotic use. Substance abuse is a concerning trend among street children in Islamabad. When certain high-risk factors are present, these children are prone to narcotic use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580251324047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T06:57:47Z","timestamp":1741762667000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Risk Factors for Narcotic Use in Street Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis From a Low-Middle-Income Country"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5911-0819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anum","family":"Waheed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariyam","family":"Sarfraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna","family":"Mahfooz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Public Health, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahira","family":"Reza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Public Health, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faran","family":"Emmanuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2324-7339.jcrhap-18-2291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"UNHCR. Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the protection and promotion of the rights of children working and\/or living on the street. Published 2012. Accessed August 8 2023. https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/719591?ln=ru"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","article-title":"At the margins: street children in Asia and Pacific region","author":"West A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"West A. At the margins: street children in Asia and Pacific region. Asian Development Bank. 2003; 23.","journal-title":"Asian Development Bank"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-3-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"Niazi MBK Zaman K Ikram W. Is Poverty to be Blamed for Narcotic Abuse ? A Case Study of Pakistan. 2013. 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The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"CDC. 2020. \u201cHow Are Children Different from Adults?\u201d 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/childrenindisasters\/differences.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"Institute National Cancer. 2020. \u201cChildren\u2019s Assent.\u201d 2020. https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/clinical-trials\/patient-safety\/childrens-assent"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","unstructured":"HHS.gov. 2021. \u201cSubpart D \u2014 Additional Protections for Children Involved as Subjects in Research.\u201d 2021. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/ohrp\/regulations-and-policy\/regulations\/45-cfr-46\/common-rule-subpart-d\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-9-45"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jti113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7546-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"Emmanuel F. 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The use of children in the production sales and trafficking of drugs: a synthesis of participatory action-oriented research programs in Indonesia the Philippines and Thailand. Published online 2004."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1020-49892004000400002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12252"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.100352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","unstructured":"Erich Fromm. Escape from Freedom. Macmillan. 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