{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:59:12Z","timestamp":1789473552464,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["INQUIRY"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Inappropriate drug use is a significant global health issue, particularly in low-resource settings. This systematic review evaluates drug utilization across healthcare facilities in Nepal, a low-resource setting, using WHO core prescribing indicators to identify areas for improvement. A systematic review was conducted by searching literature in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, INRUD bibliography, NepJOL, NepMed, and Google Scholar. Original studies assessing at least one WHO prescribing indicator in healthcare settings of Nepal were included. Eligible studies were analyzed descriptively and through proportional meta-analysis using a random-effects model. Eighty-eight studies were identified involving 2108 healthcare facilities and 60 191 patient encounters. The average of three drugs per encounter (95% CI: 2.5-3.2) was determined. Generic prescribing occurred only in 21.8% (95% CI: 15.6%-28.8%) prescriptions, showing a decline trend. Antibiotics were prescribed in 64.4% (95% CI: 57.7%-70.8%) encounters, with higher prevalence in secondary and tertiary care settings. Injectables were prescribed in 22.9% encounters (95% CI: 12.2-35.8). Drugs prescribed from WHO and Nepal essential medicine lists accounted for 53.0% (95% CI: 41.1-64.7) and 54.4% (95% CI: 47.7-60.9), respectively. The evaluation of drug utilization in Nepal suggested that the standards for WHO core prescribing indicators were not met, including overuse of antibiotics, underuse of essential medicines, and minimal generic prescribing. Targeted interventions, including prescriber education, policy reforms, enhanced monitoring, and regular prescription audits, are essential to promote rational prescribing and improve drug-related outcomes, including an opportunity to reduce antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580251347136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T07:12:38Z","timestamp":1749885158000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Systematic Review on Evaluation of WHO Core Prescribing Indicators Across Healthcare Facilities in Low Resource Asian Setting: A Case of Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8743-5135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohit","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shree College of Technology, Purbanchal University, Bharatpur, Bagmati Province, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1822-3969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajeev","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Newcaste Patient Safety Research Collaboration, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1617-7885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesh Sharma","family":"Poudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, INF Nepal Green Pastures Hospital and Rehabilitation Centre, Pokhara, Gandaki Province, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0344-091X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shakti","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Dutton Park Campus, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"726","article-title":"A prospective surveillance of drug prescribing and dispensing in a teaching hospital in western Nepal","volume":"59","author":"Ghimire S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ghimire S, Nepal S, Bhandari S, Nepal P, Palaian S. A prospective surveillance of drug prescribing and dispensing in a teaching hospital in western Nepal. J Pak Med Assoc. 2009;59(10):726-731.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12123"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/stcj.v1i1.8652"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Introduction to Drug Utilization Research","author":"WHO","unstructured":"WHO. What is drug utilization research and why is it needed? In: Introduction to Drug Utilization Research. World Health Organization, WHO International Working Group for Drug Statistics Methodology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Utilization Research and Clinical Pharmacological Services; 2003:8-12."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/nje.v1i4.5753"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Drug utilization with special reference to antimicrobials in a sub health post in Western Nepal","volume":"3","author":"Shankar PR","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shankar PR, Dubey AK, Rana MS, Mishra P, Subish P, Vijaya Bhaskar P. Drug utilization with special reference to antimicrobials in a sub health post in Western Nepal. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2005;3(2):65-69.","journal-title":"J Nepal Health Res Counc"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"42","article-title":"A drug utilization study in the indoor ward of the surgery department of a tertiary care hospital of eastern India","volume":"14","author":"Mondal S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mondal S, Pramanik S, Mallick B, Sengupta M, Niyogi S, Chaudhuri PR. A drug utilization study in the indoor ward of the surgery department of a tertiary care hospital of eastern India. IOSR-JDMS. 2015;14(10):42-47.","journal-title":"IOSR-JDMS"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"55","article-title":"Pattern of prescribing practices in the Madhya Pradesh, India","volume":"6","author":"Bhartiy SS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bhartiy SS, Shinde M, Nandeshwar S, Tiwari SC. Pattern of prescribing practices in the Madhya Pradesh, India. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2008;6(1):55-59.","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33314\/jnhrc.v16i3.1495"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3173847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/16.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","volume-title":"How to Investigate Drug Use in Health Facilities: Selected Drug Use Indicators","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1993","unstructured":"World Health Organization. How to Investigate Drug Use in Health Facilities: Selected Drug Use Indicators. World Health Organization; 1993."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa124"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","volume-title":"Using Indicators to Measure Country Pharmaceutical Situations Fact Book on WHO Level I and Level II Monitoring Indicators","author":"Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health, World Health Organization","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health, World Health Organization. Using Indicators to Measure Country Pharmaceutical Situations Fact Book on WHO Level I and Level II Monitoring Indicators. World Health Organization; 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/IJHPM.2018.121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29392\/001c.94931"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17579139231180750"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33314\/jnhrc.v18i4.2392"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2017.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3428-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2021.100547"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DHPS.S311926"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","volume-title":"Medicines Use in Primary Care in Developing and Transitional Countries Fact Book Summarizing Results from Studies Reported between 1990 and 2006","author":"World Health Organization, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health","year":"2009","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health. Medicines Use in Primary Care in Developing and Transitional Countries Fact Book Summarizing Results from Studies Reported between 1990 and 2006. World Health Organization; 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01381-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-203104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrer M Cuijpers P Furukawa TA Ebert DD eds. Doing Meta-Analysis With R: A Hands-On Guide. 1st ed. Chapman & Hall\/CRC Press; 2021. https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Doing-Meta-Analysis-with-R-A-Hands-On-Guide\/Harrer-Cuijpers-Furukawa-Ebert\/p\/book\/9780367610074","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003107347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","first-page":"115","article-title":"Anti-infectives usage in T.U. teaching hospital","volume":"11","author":"Kafle KK","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kafle KK, Rajbhandari SM, Acharya SM. Anti-infectives usage in T.U. teaching hospital. J Inst Med. 1989;11(2):115-120.","journal-title":"J Inst Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1099-1557(199711\/12)6:6<3.0.co;2-j"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.241349"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(19)30572-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/kuset.v9i1.63923"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mic.2003.57"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/mjsbh.v15i1.14951"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1221069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.685518"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.03.1545"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","first-page":"130","article-title":"Intensive care unit drug utilization in a teaching hospital in Nepal","volume":"3","author":"Shankar PR","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shankar PR, Partha P, Dubey AK, Mishra P, Deshpande VY. Intensive care unit drug utilization in a teaching hospital in Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2005;3(2):130-137.","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","first-page":"6","article-title":"Prescribing pattern of antibiotics in paediatric hospital of Kathmandu valley","volume":"2","author":"Palikhe N.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Palikhe N. Prescribing pattern of antibiotics in paediatric hospital of Kathmandu valley. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2004;2(1):6-12.","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/jonmc.v10i1.37943"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/jbpkihs.v6i1.53763"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/jmcjms.v10i1.44629"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"Clinical profile and drug utilization pattern in an intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in Western Nepal","volume":"2","author":"Paudel R","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paudel R, Palaian S, Giri B, et al. Clinical profile and drug utilization pattern in an intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in Western Nepal. Arch Pharm Pract. 2011;2(4):163.","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","first-page":"83","article-title":"Drug prescribing pattern and prescription error in elderly: a retrospective study of inpatient record","volume":"4","author":"Pudasaini N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pudasaini N, Singh C, Sagar GC, Sapkota S. Drug prescribing pattern and prescription error in elderly: a retrospective study of inpatient record. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2011;4(1):83-86.","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Clin Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Study of prescription of injectable drugs and intravenous fluids to inpatients in a teaching hospital in Western Nepal","volume":"12","author":"Gyawali S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gyawali S, Shankar PR, Saha A, Mohan L. Study of prescription of injectable drugs and intravenous fluids to inpatients in a teaching hospital in Western Nepal. McGill J Med. 2009;12(1):13-20.","journal-title":"McGill J Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20160087"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","first-page":"28","article-title":"Drug utilisation among older inpatients in a teaching hospital in Western Nepal","volume":"51","author":"Shankar PR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shankar PR, Upadhyay DK, Subish P, Bhandari RB, Das B. Drug utilisation among older inpatients in a teaching hospital in Western Nepal. Singapore Med J. 2010;51(1):28-34.","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.59779\/jiomnepal.195"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","first-page":"78","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone utilization among inpatients in a teaching hospital in western Nepal","volume":"57","author":"Shankar PR","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shankar PR, Upadhyay DK, Mishra P, Subish P, Dubey AK, Saha AC. Fluoroquinolone utilization among inpatients in a teaching hospital in western Nepal. J Pak Med Assoc. 2007;57(2):78-82.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-1068-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37107\/jhas389"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20420986211019309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/jmcjms.v11i1.56856"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","first-page":"72","article-title":"Effect of economic barriers to medical care on patients\u2019 noncompliance","volume":"92","author":"Brand FN","year":"1977","unstructured":"Brand FN, Smith RT, Brand PA. Effect of economic barriers to medical care on patients\u2019 noncompliance. Public Health Rep. 1977;92(1):72-78.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0621-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2012.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12959"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191778"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2013.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S348282"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.39868"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2012.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5639\/gabij.2012.0101.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","unstructured":"Lexchin J. Promotion of medicines in low- and middle-income countries. Polit Med. 2019;60(2):45-46. https:\/\/haiweb.org\/storage\/2020\/02\/Promotion-of-Medicines-in-LMIC.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S259708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-010853"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpopen.2021.100045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5639\/gabij.2015.0404.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-023-00301-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.p1930"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10619-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21884"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1465"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0208-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlad062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. The Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in Nepal. Published online 2023. https:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-09\/Nepal.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1592-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11786361231167239"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189621"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90812-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7924-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ms9.0000000000000925"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","volume":"1052","author":"Rai SK.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rai SK. Changing Trend of Infectious Diseases in Nepal, Vol. 1052. Springer; 2018.","journal-title":"Changing Trend of Infectious Diseases in Nepal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243055"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100161"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8010002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-024-01369-6"},{"issue":"30","key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","first-page":"102","article-title":"Antibiotic use, its resistance in Nepal and recommendations for action: a situation analysis","volume":"13","author":"Basnyat B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Basnyat B, Pokharel P, Dixit S, Giri S. Antibiotic use, its resistance in Nepal and recommendations for action: a situation analysis. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2015;13(30):102-111.","journal-title":"J Nepal Health Res Counc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/14.2.89"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz348"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.107634"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027780"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Promoting Rational Use of Medicines: Core Components","author":"World Health Organization","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Promoting Rational Use of Medicines: Core Components. WHO Policy Perspectives on Medicines; Published online 2002:1-6."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_224_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31599-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0046958019887572"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312117738691"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/dujps.v20i3.59802"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-019-0177-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/nmcj.v21i4.27630"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312120926437"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","author":"Jha AK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jha AK, Dhakal N, Gyanwali P, et al. Quality of Essential Medicines in Public Health Care Facilities of Nepal, 2019. Nepal Health Research Council. 2019.","journal-title":"Quality of Essential Medicines in Public Health Care Facilities of Nepal, 2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001841"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1177\/00469580261450809","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000}}],"container-title":["INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00469580251347136","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00469580251347136","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00469580251347136","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:10:22Z","timestamp":1777461022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00469580251347136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"references-count":109,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00469580251347136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00469580251347136","relation":{},"ISSN":["0046-9580","1945-7243"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0046-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7243","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"article-number":"00469580251347136"}}