{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:20:20Z","timestamp":1793017220613,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["INQUIRY"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR) significantly improves survival rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), yet racial disparities persist. Black and Hispanic individuals are markedly less likely to receive BCPR than White individuals, contributing to preventable deaths and inequities in survival outcomes. Structural factors such as educational barriers, implicit bias, and systemic racism contribute to these disparities. This article examines key contributors to racial disparities in BCPR administration and presents targeted, evidence-based solutions. Educational barriers, including limited CPR training access in historically marginalized communities, low health literacy, and language differences, impede knowledge acquisition and response readiness. Implicit bias among bystanders and first responders influences CPR administration, reinforcing disparities. To address these issues, a multifaceted approach is needed, emphasizing community engagement, culturally responsive training, bias awareness for emergency responders, and policy reforms. Strategies include subsidizing CPR training in underserved communities, developing multilingual and culturally tailored educational materials, integrating CPR instruction into school curricula, and incorporating bias awareness training into first responder certification programs. Additionally, policy interventions should ensure equitable resource allocation to support CPR training and emergency response infrastructure in high-risk communities. Reducing racial disparities in BCPR requires coordinated efforts from policymakers, public health officials, and community stakeholders. Implementing targeted interventions can improve CPR accessibility, enhance response equity, and ultimately reduce preventable mortality among historically disadvantaged populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580251347867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T02:15:53Z","timestamp":1749780953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Closing the Gap: Addressing Racial Bias in Bystander CPR Administration"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Ketan","family":"Tamirisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan","family":"Lowder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Mares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Jose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1266-9436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jim P.","family":"Stimpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2022.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403x10666140214121152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17579139211055497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2200798"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.068732"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2023.109901"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.031113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12040456"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2011.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000661"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.11320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110264"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.000097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2014.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Abella B. 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