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This study aimed to estimate the national prevalence of self-care difficulty among Saudi citizens and identify associated factors across demographic (sex, age, education, marital status), geographic (administrative region), clinical (severity, cause, duration, chronic disease), and family\/household indicators (relationship to household head, consanguinity) using the 2017 Saudi National Disability Survey. A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the 2017 Saudi National Disability Survey (N\u2009=\u200920\u2009408\u2009362 Saudis). Thirteen Washington Group indicators were extracted; design-based \u03c7\u00b2 tests and survey-weighted logistic regression assessed associations. Overall, 238\u2009984 individuals (1.2%) reported difficulty with bathing, dressing, or toileting\u20141.1% of males (112\u2009319) and 1.3% of females (126\u2009665). Most cases co-occurred with additional disabilities (227\u2009609; 1.1%); isolated self-care difficulty was uncommon (11\u2009375; 0.1%). Adjusted odds were higher in As\u012br (AOR\u2009=\u20091.42, 95% CI 1.30-1.55) and \u1e24\u0101\u02beil (AOR\u2009=\u20091.36, 95% CI 1.22-1.53) relative to Al-Riyadh, rose sharply with severe\/extreme limitation (AOR\u2009=\u20096.11, 95% CI 5.71-6.54), and were elevated among individuals from first-cousin marriages (AOR\u2009=\u20091.58, 95% CI 1.48-1.68). Disease-related aetiology, disability duration\u2009\u2265\u200925\u2009years, and receipt of Ministry of Labour benefits were independent correlates, whereas tertiary education unexpectedly predicted higher risk. Self-care difficulty affects a modest proportion of Saudis, yet the absolute burden approaches a quarter-million people, clustering in peripheral provinces and among long-standing, severe cases. Targeted rehabilitation, premarital genetic counselling, and regionally equitable service expansion will be essential to fulfil Vision 2030 equity goals. Routine national monitoring of activity-of-daily-living limitations is needed to guide person-centred resource allocation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580251382005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T07:49:51Z","timestamp":1760600991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiology and Factors Associated With Self-Care Difficulty in a National Saudi Sample: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0837-4915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alduais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hind","family":"Alfadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hessah Saad","family":"Alarifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Administration, College of Education, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. 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