{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T15:08:11Z","timestamp":1777734491000,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Program Project of Zhangjiakou City"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["INQUIRY"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Young and middle-aged patients with coronary heart disease who have undergone percutaneous coronary intervention often find it difficult to participate in secondary cardiac rehabilitation. This study examines patient experiences in cardiac rehabilitation using health empowerment theory as a framework. Purposive sampling was used to collect data through semi-structured interviews, which were analysed using Colaizzi\u2019s phenomenological approach. Five themes emerged from the data: (1) Personal growth, (2) Self-acceptance, (3) Life Purpose and motivation, (4) Social support, and (5) Utilisation of social services. The findings are consistent with all dimensions of health empowerment theory. The results of the study emphasise the importance of individualised empowerment and highlight the need to address the requirements for cardiac rehabilitation benefits, providing a new perspective for improving cardiac rehabilitation intervention programmes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580261427100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T04:55:08Z","timestamp":1773723308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Individualised Empowerment in Secondary Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A Qualitative Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4276-1873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weixing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunxia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2023 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 292 causes of death in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2023. Lancet. 2025;406(10513):1811-1872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01917-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01917-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu X Wu M Huang H Liu Z Huang H Wang L. Association between cardiometabolic index and coronary artery calcification in young and middle-aged adults with coronary heart disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2025;25(1):487. Published online July 5 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-025-04950-y","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-04950-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerber Y Gabriel KP Jacobs DrJr et al. The relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness physical activity and coronary artery calcification to cardiovascular disease events in CARDIA participants. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025;32(1):52-62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae272","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae272"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi Y Xu H Dong J. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for patients undergoing coronary artery operation: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on current randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg. 2025;111(3):2708-2721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002268","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002268"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeidifard F Wang Y Medina-Inojosa JR Squires RW Huang HH Thomas RJ. Multicomponent cardiac rehabilitation and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stable angina: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2021;5(4):727-741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2021.06.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2021.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salzwedel A Jensen K Rauch B et al. Effectiveness of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation in coronary artery disease patients treated according to contemporary evidence based medicine: update of the cardiac rehabilitation outcome study (CROS-II). Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020;27(16):1756-1774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2047487320905719","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320905719"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vrints C Andreotti F Koskinas KC et al. 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(36):3415-3537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae177","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae177"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virani SS Newby LK Arnold SV et al. 2023 AHA\/ACC\/ACCP\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease: a report of the American Heart Association\/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2023;148(9):e9-e119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001168","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"Chinese Medical Association Chinese Medical Journals Publishing House Chinese Society of General Practice et al. Guideline for primary care of cardiac rehabilitation of coronary artery disease (2020). Chin J Gen Pract. 2021;20(02):150-165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn114798-20201124-01187"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"Yuan LX Ding RJ. Interpretation of Chinese guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention. Circ J. 2019;34(S1):86-90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1000-3614.2019.S1.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritchey MD Maresh S McNeely J et al. Tracking cardiac rehabilitation participation and completion among Medicare beneficiaries to inform the efforts of a national initiative. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2020;13(1):e005902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005902","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005902"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ades PA Keteyian SJ Wright JS et al. Increasing cardiac rehabilitation participation from 20% to 70%: a road map from the million hearts cardiac rehabilitation collaborative. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(2):234-242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.10.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford Shearer NB. Health empowerment theory as a guide for practice. Geriatr Nurs. 2009;30(2):4-10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2009.02.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2009.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shearer N Fleury J. Social support promoting health in older women. J Women Aging. 2006;18(4):3-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J074v18n04_02","DOI":"10.1300\/J074v18n04_02"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryff CD. Possible selves in adulthood and old age: a tale of shifting horizons. Psychol Aging. 1991;6(2):286-295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0882-7974.6.2.286","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0882-7974.6.2.286"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryff CD. Happiness is everything or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989;57(6):1069-1081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.57.6.1069","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.6.1069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Chin J Nurs Manag","author":"Liu MJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu MJ, Zhang LF. Research status of self-management in cancer patients based on empowerment theory. Chin J Nurs Manag. 2012;12(12):89-92. CNKI:SUN:GLHL.0.2012-12-042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shearer NB Cisar N Greenberg EA. A telephone-delivered empowerment intervention with patients diagnosed with heart failure. Heart Lung. 2007;36(3):159-169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2006.08.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2006.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","unstructured":"Section of Interventional Cardiology of Chinese Society of Cardiology. Section of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease of Chinese Society of Cardiology Specialty Committee on Prevention and Treatment of Thrombosis of Chinese College of Cardiovascular Physicians et al. Guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of stable coronary artery disease. Chin J Cardiol. 2018;46(09):680-694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-3758.2018.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"Liu M. Application of Colaizzi\u2019s seven steps in the analysis of phenomenological research data. J Nurs Sci. 2019;34(11):90-92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3870\/j.issn.1001-4152.2019.11.090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong A Sainsbury P Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349-357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradipta IS Aprilio K Ningsih YF et al. How does Indonesian chronic disease patient adhere to their treatment? A cross-sectional analysis of 11 408 subjects. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2025;19:173-184. Published online January 22 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PPA.S503601","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S503601"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler T Kerley CP Altieri N et al. Optimum nutritional strategies for cardiovascular disease prevention and rehabilitation (BACPR). Heart. 2020;106(10):724-731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/heartjnl-2019-315499","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2019-315499"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visseren FLJ Mach F Smulders YM et al. 2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: developed by the task force for cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice with representatives of the European Society of Cardiology and 12 medical societies with the special contribution of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J. 2021;42(34):3227-3337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown TM Pack QR Aberegg E et al. Core components of cardiac rehabilitation programs: 2024 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Circulation. 2024;150(18):e328-e347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001289","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001289"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beatty AL Beckie TM Dodson J et al. A new era in cardiac rehabilitation delivery: research gaps questions strategies and priorities. Circulation. 2023;147(3):254-266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061046","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","unstructured":"Pan L Zhang JW. The moderating effect of peaceful mood on self-acceptance and well-being in elderly patients with coronary heart disease. J Nurs. 2021;28(15):54-59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16460\/j.issn1008-9969.2021.15.054"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo J Ma J Xu M et al. Exploring challenges to medication adherence among young and middle-aged adults with coronary heart disease in China: a qualitative study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2025;12:1664013. Published online October 30 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1664013","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1664013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang WC Li CY Ho CL Chang PY Wu LF Pan HH. Effectiveness of a social media-based life review intervention on happiness in advanced cancer patients and their family caregivers: a mixed-methods study. Psychooncology. 2026;35(1):e70374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pon.70374","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.70374"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim ES Delaney SW Kubzansky LD. Sense of purpose in life and cardiovascular disease: underlying mechanisms and future directions. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019;21(11):135. Published online October 31 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-019-1222-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-019-1222-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesko B deBronkart D Dhunnoo P Arvai N Katonai G Riggare S. The evolution of patient empowerment and its impact on health care\u2019s future. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e60562. Published online May 1 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/60562","DOI":"10.2196\/60562"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang R Grol-Prokopczyk H. Health and health behaviors in China: anomalies in the SES-health gradient? SSM Popul Health. 2022;17:101069. Published online March 12 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen T Zhu J Tsuei S et al. Health and economic effects of increased taxation on tobacco alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages in China: a modelling study. Lancet Public Health. 2025;10(12):e1025-e1035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(25)00256-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(25)00256-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beleigoli A Dafny HA Pinero de Plaza MA et al. Clinical effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation and barriers to completion in patients of low socioeconomic status in rural areas: a mixed-methods study. Clin Rehabil. 2024;38(6):837-854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02692155241236998","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155241236998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang M Wang T. Impact of traffic congestion on asthma-related hospital visits in major Texas cities. PLoS One. 2024;19(9):e0311142. Published online 26 September 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0311142","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma LC Lou SN Zhu XL et al. Needs and constraints for cardiac rehabilitation among patients with coronary heart disease within a community-based setting: a study based on focus group interviews. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2024;18:1141-1150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PPA.S462138","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S462138"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forsey J Ng S Rowland P Freeman R Li C Woods NN. The basic science of patient-physician communication: a critical scoping review. Acad Med. 2021;96(11S):S109-S118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004323","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004323"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","unstructured":"Xia YY Li Y Xiong XY et al. Study on information needs and self-management of cardiac rehabilitation in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Chin J Nurs. 2023;58(4):398-405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3761\/j.issn.0254-1769.2023.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1236968"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hegewald J Wegewitz UE Euler U et al. Interventions to support return to work for people with coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;3(3):CD010748. Published online 14 March 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010748.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010748.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith JR Thomas RJ Bonikowske AR Hammer SM Olson TP. Sex differences in cardiac rehabilitation outcomes. Circ Res. 2022;130(6):e22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/RES.0000000000000540","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319894"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dibben G Faulkner J Oldridge N et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;11(11):CD001800. Published online 6 November 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD001800.pub4","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001800.pub4"}],"container-title":["INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00469580261427100","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00469580261427100","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00469580261427100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:11:09Z","timestamp":1777461069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00469580261427100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00469580261427100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00469580261427100","relation":{},"ISSN":["0046-9580","1945-7243"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0046-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7243","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"article-number":"00469580261427100"}}