{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:33:57Z","timestamp":1788492837548,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["INQUIRY"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease and a significant public health threat in Zimbabwe, especially in rural areas where domestic dogs are the main reservoir. This study examined factors behind low rabies vaccination coverage in dogs in Ward 2, Gutu District. A cross-sectional survey combining quantitative and qualitative methods was conducted with 60 dog-owning households through structured questionnaires. GPS coordinates for 200 dogs were collected for spatial analysis, and in-depth interviews were held with 10 key informants until thematic saturation was achieved. Vaccination coverage was 57.5%, below the 70% needed for herd immunity. Spatial analysis showed significant clustering of unvaccinated dogs in certain areas (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Of 14 dog bite cases recorded during the intensive study period, 3 (21.4%) involved vaccinated dogs, while 11 (78.6%) involved unvaccinated dogs or dogs of unknown status. Thematic analysis identified 5 main themes: financial barriers, knowledge gaps, cultural beliefs, accessibility issues, and communication challenges. A significant association was found between bites from unvaccinated dogs and fatal outcomes (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.04). The low vaccination coverage stems from the interplay of behavioural, structural, and spatial factors. The convergent parallel design revealed that spatial clusters of unvaccinated dogs correspond to areas where qualitative respondents cited accessibility and financial barriers. Interventions should include targeted mobile vaccinations in hotspots and culturally sensitive awareness campaigns.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580261437011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T05:16:50Z","timestamp":1775279810000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatial and Behavioural Determinants of Low Rabies Vaccination Coverage Among Dogs in a Rural Zimbabwean Ward: A Mixed-Methods Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Priscillah Gamuchirai","family":"Mudzanire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7501-0611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perez Livias","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6100-5958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Methembe Yotamu","family":"Khozah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Rabies. 2024. Accessed January 26 2026. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/rabies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003786"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Mexico is free from human rabies transmitted by dogs. 2019. Accessed January 26 2026. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/21-12-2019-mexico-is-free-from-human-rabies-transmitted-by-dogs"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/4fz18x24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10080222"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Tenzin T. Targeted mass dog vaccination campaign against rabies conducted in the Northern Communal Area of Namibia. WOAH - Africa. July 16 2020. Accessed January 26 2026. https:\/\/rr-africa.woah.org\/en\/news\/targeted-mass-dog-vaccination-campaign-against-rabies-conducted-in-the-northern-communal-area-region-of-namibia\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246103"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"145","article-title":"Dogbites and rabies in Zimbabwe A review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Makaza N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Makaza N, et al. Dogbites and rabies in Zimbabwe A review of the literature. J Infect Prevent. 2018;19(3):145-153.","journal-title":"J Infect Prevent"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"ZIMSTAT. 2022 Population & Housing Census - Preliminary - Zimbabwe Data Portal. 2022. Accessed November 17 2022. https:\/\/zimbabwe.opendataforafrica.org\/anjlptc\/2022-population-housing-census-preliminary"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Raosoft\u00ae. https:\/\/www.raosoft.com\/samplesize.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"72","article-title":"Web-based and smart mobile app for data collection: Kobo Toolbox\/Kobo Collect","volume":"57","author":"Lakshminarasimhappa MC.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lakshminarasimhappa MC. Web-based and smart mobile app for data collection: Kobo Toolbox\/Kobo Collect. J Ind Lib Assoc. 2022;57(2):72-79.","journal-title":"J Ind Lib Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.05.81"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction to QGIS","volume":"1","author":"Moyroud N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moyroud N, Portet F. Introduction to QGIS. QGIS. 2018;1:1-17.","journal-title":"QGIS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","volume-title":"ArcGIS Pro","author":"Price M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Price M. ArcGIS Pro. McGraw-Hill Columbus; 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013578"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.790701"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","unstructured":"Easther RC Dominick Revell DW Steenbergen V et al. Zimbabwe Economic Update 2024: Improving Resilience to Weather Shocks and Climate Change. World Bank. Accessed March 9 2026. https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/099013025065013130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.g4996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100751"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005460"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010318"}],"container-title":["INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00469580261437011","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00469580261437011","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00469580261437011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:11:20Z","timestamp":1777461080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00469580261437011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00469580261437011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00469580261437011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0046-9580","1945-7243"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0046-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7243","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"article-number":"00469580261437011"}}