{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T02:01:05Z","timestamp":1785031265449,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["INQUIRY"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa, driven by urbanisation, demographic ageing, and lifestyle changes. Community-level evidence comparing determinants across urban and rural settings in Ghana\u2019s Central Region remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 768 adults selected through multistage sampling. Data were collected using a WHO STEPS-adapted questionnaire alongside standardised anthropometric and biochemical measurements. T2DM was defined as fasting blood glucose \u22657.0 mmol\/L. Multivariable logistic regression identified independent correlates of T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T2DM prevalence was 9.1%. After adjustment, increasing age (aOR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.05), overweight status (aOR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.14\u20134.94), smoking (aOR = 3.27, 95% CI: 1.39\u20137.69), and family history of diabetes (aOR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.18\u20134.26) were independently associated with T2DM. In urban residents, age and physical inactivity were key correlates, while overweight, smoking, and family history predominated in rural residents. A substantial proportion of cases identified biochemically had no prior diagnosis, indicating a considerable burden of undetected T2DM in the study communities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age, overweight status, smoking, and family history are independent correlates of T2DM in the Central Region of Ghana, with context-specific differences across urban and rural settings. Targeted community screening, weight management, smoking cessation, and physical activity promotion are priorities for diabetes prevention in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580261471927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T14:59:39Z","timestamp":1784732379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lifestyle, Demographic and Clinical Correlates of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Urban and Rural Adults: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Samuel Kwabena","family":"Ofosu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Port Harcourt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8353-8323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim Anyass","family":"Goumboundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Coast"},{"name":"Kidney Research Initiative, Ghana, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7960-039X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moses Tetteh","family":"Larnyoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Coast"},{"name":"Kidney Research Initiative, Ghana, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3399-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justice","family":"Afrifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Coast"},{"name":"Kidney Research Initiative, Ghana, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Best","family":"Ordinioha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Port Harcourt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.D","family":"Ephraim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Coast"},{"name":"Kidney Research Initiative, Ghana, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00520-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00613-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001904"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2023.2297513"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","volume-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among diabetes patients in central regional hospital, cape coast","author":"Abban HA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abban HA, Barnes P, Asante D-B, Effah-Yeboah E, Nsiah P, Fenuku S. 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