{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T08:24:21Z","timestamp":1787214261445,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["INQUIRY"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression is one of the most common mental disorders worldwide and in Iran. Although the PHQ-9 has been translated into Persian, the previous Iranian validation was conducted in psychiatric outpatients with a relatively small sample and did not fully examine its performance in the general population. Therefore, further evaluation of the Persian PHQ-9 in a community sample was needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study used a convenience sampling method to employ 1169 participants from public locations in Gonabad, Iran, between 2024 and 2025. Eligible participants were adult residents (aged 18 years or older) who could complete the questionnaires in Persian. After completing the questionnaires in a self-report manner, Cronbach\u2019s alpha, McDonald\u2019s omega, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) indices were calculated to assess reliability. Also, to assessed the construct validity, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was carried out.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1,169 participants were included in the analysis. In the EFA subsample, the mean age was 37.66 \u00b1 13.50 years, and in the CFA subsample, it was 36.26 \u00b1 12.94 years. The one-factor model showed acceptable fit indices in CFA (CFI = 0.945, RMSEA = 0.078, AGFI = 0.924). Cronbach\u2019s alpha, McDonald\u2019s omega, and the ICC were 0.863, 0.869, and 0.932, respectively. The final model was unidimensional with one correlated residual. In reliability stage, Cronbach\u2019s alpha, McDonald\u2019s omega, and ICC for PHQ-9 were 0.863, 0.869 and 0.932 respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study confirm that the Persian PHQ-9 is an appropriate and brief instrument for assessing depression severity in the Iranian population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580261478069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T10:00:08Z","timestamp":1787047208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validity and Reliability of the Persian PHQ-9 in Community-Dwelling Adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7049-1453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemehzahra","family":"Naddafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences"},{"name":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1390-9830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gonabad University of Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8332-3910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahbobeh","family":"Nejatian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gonabad University of Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8747-8717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadi","family":"Tehrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences"},{"name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04387-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1166692"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","volume-title":"Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates","author":"Organization WH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Organization WH. 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