{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:26:50Z","timestamp":1780104410852,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trop Doct"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The epidemiology of typhoid fever in South Asia has changed. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella typhi ( S. typhi) is now frequently resistant to nalidixic acid and thus labelled NARST. Treatment failure with the use of fluoroquinolones has been widely noted, forcing clinicians to adopt alternative treatment strategies. In this observational study, we looked at various treatment regimens and correlated clinical and microbiological outcomes. In 146 hospitalised adults, the median minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ciprofloxacin was 0.38\u2009\u00b5g\/mL with a median fever clearance time (FCT) of eight days (range\u2009=\u20092\u201335 days). Of the regimens used, gatifloxacin and azithromycin had a shorter FCT of six days compared to ceftriaxone (ten days; P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Though mortality and relapse in our cohort was low, NARST seemed to correlate with mortality ( P\u2009=\u20090.006). Gatifloxacin or azithromycin clearly emerge as the drugs of choice for treatment of typhoid in South India.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475518758884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]],"date-time":"2018-03-02T00:02:54Z","timestamp":1519948974000},"page":"182-188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effectiveness of treatment regimens for Typhoid fever in the nalidixic acid-resistant\n                    <i>S. typhi<\/i>\n                    (NARST) era in South India"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Rini","family":"Bandyopadhyay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veeraghavan","family":"Balaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bijesh","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant statistician, Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudha","family":"Jasmine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sowmya","family":"Sathyendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Rupali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Head, Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0049475518758884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2003.12.002"},{"key":"bibr2-0049475518758884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002188"},{"key":"bibr3-0049475518758884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055191"},{"key":"bibr4-0049475518758884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47353-0"},{"key":"bibr5-0049475518758884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/497136"},{"key":"bibr6-0049475518758884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b1865"},{"key":"bibr7-0049475518758884","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard\u2014Ninth Edition","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr8-0049475518758884","volume-title":"Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. 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