{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:18:17Z","timestamp":1788265097237,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trop Doct"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cases of kala-azar reported during 2013\u20132018 in Bihar, India were retrospectively analysed. Of 2187 villages reporting cases of kala-azar in 2018, 573 (26.2%) had reported no case in the previous five years but contributed to 20% of disease burden in 2018. On applying potential thresholds of kala-azar outbreaks, 805, 519 and 103 villages reported more than twice, thrice and five times their previous five-year annual average in 2018, respectively. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) in villages reporting any case of kala-azar in the past three years as per current guidelines could cover 72% of incident cases in 2018 vis-a-vis 80% if villages reporting cases in the past five years were considered. Therefore, IRS may be expanded to villages reporting cases in the past five years. Village case trends can be utilised to configure potential outbreak alarms (early warning and response system) on a pre-organised dashboard. A data-driven strategy for villages newly reporting cases and those in potential outbreak situations could prove effective in achieving and sustaining the elimination of kala-azar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475520953647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T15:00:26Z","timestamp":1599663626000},"page":"84-91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Time for a village-level strategy for the elimination of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) in India: analysis of potential kala-azar outbreak situation in 2018"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2281-6783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suman","family":"Saurabh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0049475520953647","unstructured":"World Health Organization.\n                      Field Guide for Malaria Epidemic Assessment and Reporting\n                      . Geneva: WHO, 2004. Available at: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/68764\/1\/WHO_HTM_MAL_2004.1097.pdf (accessed July 2020)."},{"key":"bibr2-0049475520953647","first-page":"281","volume":"82","author":"Sengupta PC","year":"1947","journal-title":"Ind Med Gaz"},{"key":"bibr3-0049475520953647","first-page":"62","volume":"12","author":"Bora D","year":"1999","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"bibr4-0049475520953647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru146"},{"key":"bibr5-0049475520953647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004896"},{"key":"bibr6-0049475520953647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030091"},{"key":"bibr7-0049475520953647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4719-3"},{"key":"bibr8-0049475520953647","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0279","volume":"96","author":"Bhattacharya SK","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"bibr9-0049475520953647","unstructured":"Directorate of National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme of India, New Delhi. Operational Guidelines for Kala-azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis) Elimination in India. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, 2015. Available at: https:\/\/nvbdcp.gov.in\/WriteReadData\/l892s\/opertional-guideline-KA-2015.pdf (accessed July 2020)."},{"key":"bibr10-0049475520953647","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Process of validation of elimination of kala-azar as a public health problem in South-East Asia. New Delhi: World Health Organization South East Asia Regional Office (SEARO), 2016. Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/leishmaniasis\/resources\/Process_of_validation_of_VL_elimination_SEA_CD_321.pdf?ua=1&ua=1 (accessed July 2020)."},{"key":"bibr11-0049475520953647","unstructured":"Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Census of India\u2009-\u2009list of villages and towns. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, 2011. Available at: http:\/\/censusindia.gov.in\/2011census\/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx (accessed July 2020)."},{"key":"bibr12-0049475520953647","unstructured":"Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme. Accelerated Plan for Kala-azar Elimination 2017. New Delhi: Government of India, 2017. Available at: https:\/\/nvbdcp.gov.in\/WriteReadData\/l892s\/Accelerated-Plan-Kala-azar1-Feb2017.pdf (accessed July 2020)."},{"key":"bibr13-0049475520953647","first-page":"153","volume":"93","author":"Dhiman RC","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"bibr14-0049475520953647","unstructured":"Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme. National Roadmap for Kala-azar Elimination August 2014. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, 2014. Available at: http:\/\/www.nvbdcp.gov.in\/Doc\/Road-map-KA_2014.pdf (accessed July 2020)."},{"key":"bibr15-0049475520953647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0200-3"},{"key":"bibr16-0049475520953647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006453"},{"key":"bibr17-0049475520953647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/EC14063"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr18-0049475520953647","first-page":"22","volume":"27","author":"Kamadjeu R","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"bibr19-0049475520953647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196811"},{"key":"bibr20-0049475520953647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy007"}],"container-title":["Tropical Doctor"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0049475520953647","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0049475520953647","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0049475520953647","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T13:32:37Z","timestamp":1777642357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0049475520953647"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0049475520953647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0049475520953647","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-4755","1758-1133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4755","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]}}}