{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T15:09:02Z","timestamp":1777907342920,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trop Doct"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The majority of patients with Covid-19 have a good outcome. However, complications principally of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple-organ failure can occur rapidly. Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease, is similar to Covid-19 in that most infections are mild or asymptomatic and only a small number develop ARDS. Cytokine storm is considered to be the main incriminating factor in both. High dose steroids have been used to ameliorate the effects in leptospirosis, and similarly, reports suggest a benefit in Covid-19. SARS CoV-2 and leptospira, one a virus and the other a bacterium, are two species separated by millions of years of evolution, but producing illnesses with similar spectra, with cytokine storm being the common precipitating factor. As data are accrued from around the world, more light may be shed on features analogous to both pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475520971425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T07:31:27Z","timestamp":1606289487000},"page":"128-130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Covid-19 and leptospirosis: Cytokine storm and the use of steroids"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7918-5500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham M","family":"Ittyachen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Medicine and Consultant in Critical Care, M.O.S.C Medical College & Hospital, Ernakulam, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648"},{"key":"bibr2-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"bibr3-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02911-9"},{"key":"bibr4-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994"},{"key":"bibr5-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248"},{"key":"bibr6-0049475520971425","first-page":"607","volume":"80","author":"Ye Q","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"key":"bibr7-0049475520971425","first-page":"65","volume":"387","author":"Haake DA","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"bibr8-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01335.x"},{"key":"bibr9-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.911"},{"key":"bibr10-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4020079"},{"key":"bibr11-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.4.705"},{"key":"bibr12-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822002000400017"},{"key":"bibr13-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702002000300006"},{"key":"bibr14-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002457"},{"key":"bibr15-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00204"},{"key":"bibr16-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-04986-9"},{"key":"bibr17-0049475520971425","first-page":"106","volume":"73","author":"Mohd Iskandar BJ","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"key":"bibr18-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2005.00631.x"},{"key":"bibr19-0049475520971425","first-page":"721","volume":"45","author":"Jarisch A","year":"1895","journal-title":"Wien Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"bibr20-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1139096"},{"key":"bibr21-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03699-5"},{"key":"bibr22-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.19677"},{"key":"bibr23-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru148"},{"key":"bibr24-0049475520971425","unstructured":"Leptospirosis CPG 2010, http:\/\/philchest.org\/v3\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Leptospirosis-CPG-2010.pdf"},{"key":"bibr25-0049475520971425","unstructured":"National Guidelines on Management of Leptospirosis 2016, www.epid.gov.lk\/web\/images\/pdf\/Publication\/leptospirosis\/lepto_national_guidelines.pdf"},{"key":"bibr26-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson JR, et al. Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 - Preliminary Report.\n                      N Engl J Med\n                      2020 Jul 17:NEJMoa2021436. doi: 10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436. Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436"},{"key":"bibr27-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2648"},{"key":"bibr28-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.05.002"},{"key":"bibr29-0049475520971425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-020-01635-7"}],"container-title":["Tropical Doctor"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0049475520971425","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0049475520971425","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0049475520971425","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T13:32:49Z","timestamp":1777642369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0049475520971425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0049475520971425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0049475520971425","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-4755","1758-1133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4755","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]}}}