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Of 4361 children followed during a five-year period, 107 were included in our study. Underlying causes were identified in 99.0%: immunodeficiency disorders (20.2%), cardiothoracic malformations (18.3%), syndromic conditions (14.4%), infections (10.6%) bronchiectasis (10.6%), gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (6.6%), interstitial lung disease (3.8%) and other miscellaneous conditions (15.4%). Thus, children with recurrent or persistent pneumonia should be carefully evaluated for an underlying aetiology, as early diagnosis and appropriate management will decrease morbidity and mortality in most of these children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00494755211002029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T01:36:26Z","timestamp":1616117786000},"page":"356-361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Thinking beyond infections in children with recurrent\/persistent pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0969-3881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devki","family":"Nandan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, PGIMER &amp; Associated Dr RML Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5981-1164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hema","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate professor, PGIMER &amp; Associated Dr RML Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Resident, PGIMER &amp; Associated Dr RML Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Resident, PGIMER &amp; Associated Dr RML Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.Supplement_S870"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Pio A Leowski J and Ten Dam HG. 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