{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T15:22:15Z","timestamp":1777908135052,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,10,1]],"date-time":"1996-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":844128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trop Doct"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In many sub-Saharan African countries, tuberculosis (TB) cases have been increasing steadily since 1985. In Malawi, they have increased by 38% from 1990 to 1993, and extrapulmonary TB increased by 79%. Among 385 patients with a history of persistent cough presumed to be TB, 360 (94%) initially consented to be tested for both HIV and TB. Of these, 301 completed testing and 95% returned for their test results. Among test completers ( n = 301), 280 (93%) were found to be HIV-infected. Seropositivity rates were similar for males and females, and higher for urban dwellers than for rural dwellers (94% versus 79%). TB was found in only 48 (16%) patients. Among TB patients, 33 (77%) were HIV positive. This study suggests that TB may not be the main cause of persistent cough among persons using urban chest clinics in Malawi; HIV without sputum positive TB appears to be a major contributor. Clinicians in areas of high HIV prevalence should therefore suspect other HIV-related infections in a patient with persistent cough and in whom TB has been ruled out.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559602600408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,15]],"date-time":"2017-01-15T16:24:04Z","timestamp":1484497444000},"page":"165-167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Persistent Cough in Patients Using an Urban Chest Clinic in Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Okey","family":"Nwanyanwu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, PO Box 30377, Lilongwe 3, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Nyangulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, PO Box 30377, Lilongwe 3, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Salaniponi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, PO Box 30377, Lilongwe 3, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-004947559602600408","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198903023200901"},{"key":"bibr2-004947559602600408","first-page":"1305","volume":"338","author":"Narain JP","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bibr3-004947559602600408","volume-title":"Analysis of Screening Centers Data","author":"Malawi MOH","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr4-004947559602600408","volume-title":"Tuberculosis Report 1993: Tuberculosis Control Program","author":"MOH"},{"key":"bibr5-004947559602600408","volume-title":"Epi Info 5: A Word Processing, Database and Statistics System for Epidemiology on Microcomputers","author":"Dean AG","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr6-004947559602600408","first-page":"1","volume":"68","author":"Chin J","year":"1990","journal-title":"WHO Bull"},{"key":"bibr7-004947559602600408","volume-title":"HIV\/AIDS Surveillance Report, January 1994","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr8-004947559602600408","first-page":"342","volume":"1","author":"Wadhawan D","year":"1993","journal-title":"VIII International Conference on AIDS\/III STD World Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 19\u201324 July 1992"},{"key":"bibr9-004947559602600408","first-page":"7","volume":"4","author":"Nunn P","year":"1993","journal-title":"Wrld Hlth"}],"container-title":["Tropical Doctor"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/004947559602600408","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/004947559602600408","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T13:57:26Z","timestamp":1777643846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/004947559602600408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/004947559602600408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/004947559602600408","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-4755","1758-1133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-4755","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]}}}