{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T17:47:59Z","timestamp":1768585679406,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1979,6,1]],"date-time":"1979-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":297043200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hist Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,6]]},"DOI":"10.1177\/007327537901700202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,9]],"date-time":"2015-05-09T00:05:17Z","timestamp":1431129917000},"page":"102-134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":209,"title":["Quantitative Measures of Communication in Science: A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Edge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1979,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-007327537901700202","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Communication in science","author":"Meadows Particularly A.J.","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr2-007327537901700202","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Astronomy transformed: The emergence of radio astronomy in Britain","author":"Edge D. O.","year":"1976"},{"key":"bibr3-007327537901700202","volume-title":"Originality and competition in science: A study of the British high energy physics community","author":"Gaston Jerry","year":"1970"},{"key":"bibr4-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Meadows, op. cit. (ref. 1), Preface."},{"key":"bibr5-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0466578"},{"key":"bibr6-007327537901700202","first-page":"381","author":"Cole Jonathan R.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Sociology of education"},{"key":"bibr7-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Crane, op. cit. (ref. 1), 19."},{"key":"bibr8-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"bibr9-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Meadows, op. cit. (ref. 1), 171."},{"key":"bibr10-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Garfield, op. cit. (ref. 5)."},{"key":"bibr11-007327537901700202","first-page":"323","volume-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science","author":"Narin F.","year":"1972"},{"key":"bibr12-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630240406"},{"key":"bibr13-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Small, Griffith, op. cit. (ref. 12), 19."},{"key":"bibr14-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Ibid., 39\u201340."},{"key":"bibr15-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030631277700700202"},{"key":"bibr16-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2094554"},{"key":"bibr17-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030631277500500307"},{"key":"bibr18-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Mullins N. C., Theory and theory groups in contemporary American sociology (New York: Harper and Row, 1973), 18."},{"key":"bibr19-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Crane, op. cit. (ref. 1), 41."},{"key":"bibr20-007327537901700202","unstructured":"See Edge, Mulkay, op. cit. (ref. 2), esp. ch. a (and note c)."},{"key":"bibr21-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Griffith Drott, Small, op. cit. (ref. 12), in their title, refer to \u201cstudying scientific achievements and communication\u201d\u2014yet, in their paper, they pose problems and hypotheses in terms of the properties of scientific literature and documents."},{"key":"bibr22-007327537901700202","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Scientific knowledge and sociological theory","author":"Barnes Barry","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr23-007327537901700202","first-page":"163","author":"Barnes","year":"1964","journal-title":"\u201cMaking out\u201d"},{"key":"bibr24-007327537901700202","unstructured":"See Collins, Bitz, opera cit. (ref. 33). 25. Whitley R. D. \u201cA summary report of the study\u201d, in Bitz,  op. cit. (ref. 22), 1, 7, and 15. Note that Meadows (op. cit. (ref. 1), 92) says that \u201cgiven the choice, many scientists prefer to avoid acquiring information. They are interested in the research process itself rather than in the results of other peoples' work\u201d; and (110) that \u201cthe fundamentally important point [is] that scientists are oriented towards the literature less as recipients than as donors. Most are more concerned with publishing their own work, than in following the work of others.\u201d."},{"key":"bibr25-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030631277600600201"},{"key":"bibr26-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030631277600600306"},{"key":"bibr27-007327537901700202","volume-title":"Experiment: A series of scientific case histories","author":"Edge D.","year":"1963"},{"key":"bibr28-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Garfield, op. cit. (ref. 5), 1."},{"key":"bibr29-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Ibid., 33."},{"key":"bibr30-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110819038.233"},{"key":"bibr31-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Small, op. cit. (ref. 15), 140."},{"key":"bibr32-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Ibid., 141\u20132."},{"key":"bibr33-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Ibid., 156."},{"key":"bibr34-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Garfield, op. cit. (ref. 5), 26. (Emphasis added.)."},{"key":"bibr35-007327537901700202","unstructured":"See ref. 14."},{"key":"bibr36-007327537901700202","unstructured":"See Garfield, op. cit. (ref. 5); Crane, op. cit. (ref. 1); Small, op. cit. (ref. 15); and Sullivan, op. cit. (ref. 15)."},{"key":"bibr37-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Crane, op. cit. (ref. 1), 46."},{"key":"bibr38-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/053901847401300206"},{"key":"bibr39-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Garfield, op. cit. (ref. 5), 15."},{"key":"bibr40-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"bibr41-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Similar situations obtain if, for instance, A has not cited B, but says B is influential; or has not cited B, and says B is not influential\u2014in both cases with (or without) the \u2018confirmation\u2019 from the citation analysis that B is \u2018really\u2019 influential."},{"key":"bibr42-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Moravcsik, Murugesan, op. cit. (ref. 11), 91."},{"key":"bibr43-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Chubin, Moitra, op. cit. (ref. 11)."},{"key":"bibr44-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Cole, op. cit. (ref. 6), 381."},{"key":"bibr45-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Ibid., 380."},{"key":"bibr46-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0032059"},{"key":"bibr47-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Garvey, Griffith, op. cit. (ref. 47), 354."},{"key":"bibr48-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Ibid., 361."},{"key":"bibr49-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"bibr50-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Ibid., 357."},{"key":"bibr51-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030631277600600302"},{"key":"bibr52-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030631277700700112"},{"key":"bibr53-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Garvey, Griffith, op. cit. (ref. 47), 357."},{"key":"bibr54-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.146.3652.1655"},{"key":"bibr55-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Garvey, Griffith, op. cit. (ref. 47), 359. Garvey W. D., Lin Nan, Nelson G. E., in \u201cSome comparisons of communication activities in the physical and social sciences\u201d (in Nelson, Pollock (eds), op. cit. (ref. 5), 61\u201384), report that over 80% of physical scientists had first presented their results informally."},{"key":"bibr56-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Gaston, op. cit. (ref. 3), 126."},{"key":"bibr57-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Garvey, Griffith, op. cit. (ref. 47), 359, 360. (Emphasis added.)."},{"key":"bibr58-007327537901700202","unstructured":"For examples of such analyses, see MacKenzie, Barnes, op. cit. (ref. 22), and Harwood, op. cit. (ref. 22). For a related approach, see Collins, \u201cSeven sexes\u201d, op. cit. (ref. 22)."},{"key":"bibr59-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Bullard Sir Edward, \u201cThe Earth's dynamo\u201d, in Edge (ed.), op. cit. (ref. 28), 27\u201333. Bullard's account raises fundamental questions about Gaston's claim (op. cit. (ref. 3), 130) that \u201cCommunication is the lifeblood of science. If a communication system in science is efficient, there is no duplication of unnecessary effort. Time and other resources that might be wasted on such efforts are utilized elsewhere.\u201d An \u2018efficient\u2019 communication system might have prevented the development of the dynamo theory completely."},{"key":"bibr60-007327537901700202","unstructured":"I have a complete set of these mimeograph sheets to summer 1959."},{"key":"bibr61-007327537901700202","unstructured":"As Back puts it (op. cit. (ref. 22), 85): This is the kind of communication in which a common body of attitudes is created, in this case the professional identification as a scientist with a commitment to a general line of work and approach. This is shown by the fact that this kind of information gathering is missed when a scientist is separated from his institutional locus, through retirement, travel, or other reasons, even though he may be able to obtain the relevant journals and books. Again, there is a parallel with the results of mass media research. As Meadows (pp. cit. (ref. 1), 119) says: \u201cIndeed, there seems to be a general rule that a scientist may need repeated exposure to a specific piece of information via both formal and informal channels before it makes a significant impact on his thinking.\u201d."},{"key":"bibr62-007327537901700202","first-page":"441","author":"Edge","year":"1975","journal-title":"Experiment"},{"key":"bibr63-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Here Crane refers to Libbey, Zaltman, op. cit. (ref. 1), 64; Paisley (1968), op. cit. (ref. 1); and Storer, op. cit. (ref. 1), 12."},{"key":"bibr64-007327537901700202","first-page":"28","author":"Crane Diana","year":"1970","journal-title":"International social science journal"},{"key":"bibr65-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Collins, \u201cTEA set\u201d (ref. 22); Collins, Harrison, op. cit. (ref. 63)."},{"key":"bibr66-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Collins, \u201cSeven sexes\u201d (ref. 22)."},{"key":"bibr67-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins, \u201cTEA set\u201d (ref. 22), 167.","DOI":"10.1139\/tcs-1968-0021"},{"key":"bibr68-007327537901700202","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Factors in the transfer of technology","author":"Burns T.","year":"1969"},{"key":"bibr69-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Meadows, op. cit. (ref. 1), 95."},{"key":"bibr70-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Crane, op. cit. (ref. 1), 22."},{"key":"bibr71-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Meadows, op. cit. (ref. 1), 135."},{"key":"bibr72-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Collins, \u201cTEA set\u201d (ref. 22), 168. See Crane, op. cit. (ref. 1), 46, footnote 7."},{"key":"bibr73-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/225469"},{"key":"bibr74-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Gaston, op. cit. (ref. 3), 107\u201314."},{"key":"bibr75-007327537901700202","first-page":"109","author":"Merton R. K.","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ibid."},{"key":"bibr76-007327537901700202","unstructured":"And again, the results of mass media research suggest close parallels."},{"key":"bibr77-007327537901700202","first-page":"23","volume-title":"American sociologist","author":"Cole J. R.","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr78-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Sullivan, op. cit. (ref. 15)."},{"key":"bibr79-007327537901700202","first-page":"231","author":"Bardon M.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Ibid."},{"key":"bibr80-007327537901700202","first-page":"37","author":"Edge D. O.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society"},{"key":"bibr81-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Gaston, op. cit. (ref. 3), 114."},{"key":"bibr82-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Woolf, op. cit. (ref. 63), 363."},{"key":"bibr83-007327537901700202","unstructured":"For a co-authorship analysis, see Edge, Mulkay, op. cit. (ref. 2), ch. 9 and passim."},{"key":"bibr84-007327537901700202","unstructured":"For some use of conference lists, see ibid., ch. a."},{"key":"bibr85-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Garvey, Griffith, op. cit. (ref. 47), 356."},{"key":"bibr86-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Collins, \u201cTEA set\u201d (ref. 22), 180\u20131."},{"key":"bibr87-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Ibid., 170."},{"key":"bibr88-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Crane, op. cit. (ref. 1), 20."},{"key":"bibr89-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Sullivan, op. cit. (ref. 15), 17."},{"key":"bibr90-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Ibid., 18."},{"key":"bibr91-007327537901700202","unstructured":"See ref. 31."},{"key":"bibr92-007327537901700202","first-page":"15","year":"1977","journal-title":"Society for Social Studies of Science newsletter"},{"key":"bibr93-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Full details can be found in Edge, Mulkay, op. cit. (ref. 2), ch. 9. Brief details are in Mulkay, Edge, op. cit. (ref. 2)."},{"key":"bibr94-007327537901700202","unstructured":"Griffith Drott, Small, op. cit. (ref. 12), 12."},{"key":"bibr95-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01553176"},{"key":"bibr96-007327537901700202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01553198"},{"key":"bibr97-007327537901700202","unstructured":"McAlpine Andrew, Carr Ian, \u201cThe information process in a cancer research laboratory\u201d, in Bitz, (ref. 23), 45\u201383."}],"container-title":["History of Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/007327537901700202","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/007327537901700202","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T09:44:26Z","timestamp":1738057466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/007327537901700202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1979,6]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/007327537901700202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/007327537901700202","relation":{},"ISSN":["0073-2753","1753-8564"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0073-2753","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-8564","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1979,6]]}}}