{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:48:30Z","timestamp":1777715310228,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]],"date-time":"2017-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514332800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Psychiatry Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Numerous studies on the effects of seclusion and\/or restraint in acute psychiatric treatment have reported both positive and negative effects. However, no studies to date have evaluated the effects of seclusion and\/or restraint on schizophrenia patients using a rating scale. Thus, to examine the effects of seclusion and\/or restraint on schizophrenia patients, we used the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and assessed the psychological condition of patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Factor analysis was conducted to create subscales of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and psychiatric changes were assessed with respect to each subscale using multiple logistic regression analyses. Analyses were performed on three groups (i.e. entire, higher functioning, and lower functioning groups) involving a total of 1559 schizophrenia patients aged 18 to 65 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the entire and lower functioning groups, seclusion was a significant predictor of improvements related to the \u201chostility\/suspiciousness\u201d subscale. Seclusion combined with restraint was associated with improvements related to the \u201cpsychosis\/thinking disorder\u201d subscale. In the higher functioning group, there were no significant predictors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is implied that seclusion and\/or restraint is related to improved psychiatric symptoms only among patients whose functioning is impaired. To verify the present findings, further studies involving multiple sites and additional psychiatric measures are necessary.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0091217417749788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]],"date-time":"2017-12-28T23:44:00Z","timestamp":1514504640000},"page":"171-188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Psychological assessment of acute schizophrenia patients who experienced seclusion either alone or in combination with restraint"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Rika","family":"Eguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Management and Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Onozuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Management and Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouji","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hannan Hospital, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hannan Hospital, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Ieiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akihito","family":"Hagihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Management and Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0091217417749788","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists Clinical Practice Guidelines Team for the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Related Disorders,\n                      Aust N Z J Psychiatry\n                      2005; 39: 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2005.01516.x"},{"key":"bibr2-0091217417749788","unstructured":"National Institute for Clinical Excellence.\n                      Clinical practice guidelines for violence: the short-term management of disturbed\/violent behaviour in psychiatric in-patient and emergency departments guideline\n                      . NCC-NSC 22\/02\/05. 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