{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T11:30:49Z","timestamp":1791027049216,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,8]],"date-time":"2013-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3141,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Medications have been taken since the first Mercury flight in 1967 and, since then, have been used for several indications such as space motion sickness, sleeplessness, headache, nausea, vomiting, back pain, and congestion. As the duration of space missions get longer, it is even more likely that astronauts will encounter some of the acute illnesses that are frequently seen on Earth. Microgravity environment induces several physiological changes in the human body. These changes include cardiovascular degeneration, bone decalcification, decreased plasma volume, blood flow, lymphocyte and eosinophil levels, altered hormonal and electrolyte levels, muscle atrophy, decreased blood cell mass, increased immunoglobulin A and M levels, and a decrease in the amount of microsomal P\u2010450 and the activity of some of its dependent enzymes. These changes may be expected to have severe implications on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drug substances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270004267193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,14]],"date-time":"2004-07-14T21:32:39Z","timestamp":1089840759000},"page":"837-853","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Physiological, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Changes in Space"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Graebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar L.","family":"Schuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Lensing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshmi","family":"Putcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hartmut","family":"Derendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1994.tb02024.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(89)90237-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1994.tb02022.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950181215"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"1094","article-title":"Analysis of sleep on shuttle missions","volume":"59","author":"Santy PA","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"705","article-title":"Pharmaceutical use by U.S. astronauts on space shuttle missions","volume":"70","author":"Putcha L","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.5.2374"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2001.012576"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"66","article-title":"Changes of arterial blood pressure during various stages in spaceflight activities","volume":"14","author":"Wang DS","year":"2001","journal-title":"Space Med Med Eng (Beijing)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.6.2415"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","first-page":"286","volume-title":"Space Physiology and Medicine","author":"Charles JB","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Changes in basal heart rate in spaceflights up to 438 days","volume":"73","author":"Gundel A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.2.645"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.27753"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(01)00302-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2002.92.1.33","article-title":"Impaired pulmonary artery contractile responses in a rat model of microgravity: role of nitric oxide","volume":"92","author":"Nyhan D","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.2.789"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in vasoreactivity of rat pulmonary artery after 7 d tail\u2010suspension","volume":"14","author":"Sun L","year":"2001","journal-title":"Space Med Med Eng (Beijing)"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","first-page":"567","article-title":"Peripheral effector mechanism hypothesis of postflight cardiovascular dysfunction","volume":"72","author":"Zhang LF","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.6.2296"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.18.3209"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Results of Medical Research Performed on Board the \u201cSalyut\u20106\u2010Soyuz\u201d Orbital Scientific Research Complex: Part I. Prime Crew Flights","author":"Grigor'yev AI","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","first-page":"328","volume-title":"Results of Medical Research Performed on Board the \u201cSalyut\u20106\u2010Soyuz\u201d Orbital Scientific Research Complex: Part II. Flights of International Crew in the \u201cIntercosmos\u201d Program","author":"Grigor'yev AI","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.27754"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","first-page":"153","article-title":"Biochemical observations of long duration manned orbital spaceflight","volume":"30","author":"Leach CS","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Am Med Womens Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Biomedical Results of Apollo","author":"Leach CS","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-5765(88)90017-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-5765(75)90088-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-2574(08)60081-7"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","first-page":"R1058","article-title":"Alteration of renal function of rats following spaceflight","volume":"275","author":"Wade CE","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03135-4"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.78.6.2253","article-title":"Renal and endocrine responses in humans to isotonic saline infusion during microgravity","volume":"78","author":"Norsk P","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.27758"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.1.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.27769"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000168282"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1991.tb03663.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-5765(79)90125-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240000335"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.27765"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1991.tb03650.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000167929"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1992.72.3.563"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0531-5565(91)90008-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1991.tb03665.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.32.030170.002555"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","first-page":"145","article-title":"Neurohormonal control of plasma volume","volume":"9","author":"Gauer OH","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int Rev Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.2.530"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199408000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.1.349","article-title":"Volume\u2010homeostatic mechanism in humans during 12\u2010h postural change","volume":"75","author":"Norsk P","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2281.1997.02626.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2000.00766.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00209720"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.27767"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_56_2","first-page":"S24","article-title":"Current concepts of space flight induced changes in hormonal control of fluid and electrolyte metabolism","volume":"26","author":"Leach CS","year":"1983","journal-title":"Physiologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_57_2","first-page":"306","article-title":"Effect of antiorthostatic bed rest on hepatic blood flow in man","volume":"59","author":"Putcha L","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.278.6.R1583"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.2.581","article-title":"Central cardiovascular pressures during graded water immersion in humans","volume":"75","author":"Gabreilsen A","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_2","first-page":"592","article-title":"Hemodynamic changes in man during immersion with the head above the water","volume":"43","author":"Arborelius MJ","year":"1972","journal-title":"Aerospace Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_2","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Effects of immersion with head above the water on tissue elimination in man","volume":"43","author":"Balldin UI","year":"1972","journal-title":"Aerospace Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.77.4.2005","article-title":"Lung volumes during sustained microgravity on Spacelab SLS\u20101","volume":"77","author":"Elliott AR","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-5765(92)90174-H"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_64_2","first-page":"168","article-title":"Pulmonary function evaluation during the Skylab and Apollo\u2010Soyuz missions","volume":"47","author":"Sawin CF","year":"1976","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.6.2407","article-title":"Ventilation\u2010perfusion matching in long\u2010term microgravity [in process citation]","volume":"89","author":"Verbandt Y","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_66_2","first-page":"H2132","article-title":"Blood pressure and heart rate responses to sudden changes of gravity during exercise","volume":"270","author":"Linnarsson D","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.4.1730","article-title":"Inhomogeneity of pulmonary perfusion during sustained microgravity on SLS\u20101","volume":"76","author":"Prisk GK","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.1.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_2","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Space Physiology and Medicine","author":"Nicogossian AE","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-5765(91)90092-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411010120030401"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v11.i1-3.70"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10120"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00836-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02738624"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_77_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Functioning of endocrine glands controlling calcium turnover in microgravity","volume":"35","author":"Kaplanskii AS","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aviakosm Ekolog Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000046083"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_79_2","first-page":"368","article-title":"Urine volume and its effects on renal stone risk in astronauts","volume":"72","author":"Whitson PA","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.4.794"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007740200031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.18.3201"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.5.667","article-title":"Quantitation of tissue loss during prolonged space flight","volume":"38","author":"Leonard JI","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.6.1100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_2","first-page":"330","volume-title":"Biomedical Results from Skylab: NASA SP\u2010377","author":"Thornton WE","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-2574(08)60017-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S806","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.5.806S","article-title":"Space flight and protein metabolism, with special reference to humans","volume":"60","author":"Stein TP","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650071416"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200101000-00013"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_6_90_2","first-page":"635","article-title":"Clenbuterol attenuates muscle atrophy and dysfunction in hindlimb\u2010suspended rats","volume":"73","author":"Dodd SL","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000056184"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_92_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Effects of the spaceflight factors on the immune system","volume":"35","author":"Meshkov DO","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aviakosm Ekolog Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1290\/1071-2690(2001)037<0063:SOASLA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.55.3.371"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_2","first-page":"588","article-title":"Effect of a 22\u2010day space flight on the lymphoid organs of rats","volume":"47","author":"Durnova GN","year":"1976","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_2","first-page":"213","article-title":"Immunological analysis of U.S. space shuttle crewmembers","volume":"57","author":"Taylor GR","year":"1986","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_97_2","first-page":"411","article-title":"Inhibited interferon production after space flight","volume":"35","author":"Sonnenfeld G","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol Hung"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_98_2","first-page":"S213","article-title":"Effect of flight in mission SL\u20103 on interferon\u2010gamma productions by rats","volume":"28","author":"Gould CL","year":"1985","journal-title":"Physiologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_99_2","first-page":"983","article-title":"Inhibited production of interferon\u2010gamma but normal interleukin production from rats flown on the space shuttle","volume":"58","author":"Gould CL","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(00)00090-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(01)00005-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_102_2","first-page":"181","article-title":"A model of radiation\u2010induced myelopoiesis in space","volume":"17","author":"Esposito RD","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_6_103_2","first-page":"S55","article-title":"Human cellular immune responsiveness following space flight","volume":"54","author":"Taylor GR","year":"1983","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1290\/1071-2690(2001)037<0073:POHHBM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02577531"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02577532"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1290\/1071-2690(2001)037<0066:MMIAIP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.5.1736"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10273"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(01)00011-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_111_2","first-page":"222","article-title":"The effect of space radiation on the induction of chromosome damage","volume":"17","author":"George K","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2001)156[0731:CAITBL]2.0.CO;2"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_6_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0820fje","article-title":"cDNA microarray reveals altered cytoskeletal gene expression in space\u2010flown leukemic T lymphocytes (Jurkat)","volume":"15","author":"Lewis ML","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_114_2","first-page":"264","article-title":"X\u2010ray\u2010induced chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro are potentiated under simulated microgravity conditions (Clinostat)","volume":"17","author":"Mosesso P","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_115_2","first-page":"351","volume-title":"Space Physiology and Medicine","author":"Huntoon CL","year":"1994"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_116_2","first-page":"298","article-title":"Research proceeding on the effect of microgravity on erythropoiesis","volume":"14","author":"Dong Q","year":"2001","journal-title":"Space Med Med Eng (Beijing)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.1.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199610000-00032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/6650.2001.33899"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_120_2","first-page":"347","article-title":"Red cell volume and [erythropoietin] responses during exposure to simulated microgravity","volume":"69","author":"Branch JD III","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1290\/1071-2690(2001)037<0079:ECGADI>2.0.CO;2"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_122_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"Effects of exposure to space flight on endocrine regulations in experimental animals","volume":"35","author":"Macho L","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr Regul"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0673fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod66.3.770"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.930000.50.83","article-title":"Permanent depression of plasma cGMP during long\u2010term space flight","volume":"50","author":"Rossler A","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_126_2","first-page":"187","article-title":"The digestive tract of rat after flight in the biosatellite Cosmos 1667","volume":"24","author":"Groza P","year":"1987","journal-title":"Physiologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_127_2","first-page":"35","article-title":"Modifications of the digestive tract in rats submitted to an orbital flight aboard the Soviet satellite Cosmos 1129","volume":"20","author":"Groza P","year":"1983","journal-title":"Physiologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_128_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Changes in some digestive enzymes after a seven\u2010day orbital flight","volume":"20","author":"Groza P","year":"1983","journal-title":"Physiologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-172-41566"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_130_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"Altered carbohydrate, lipid, and xenobiotic metabolism by liver from rats flown on Cosmos 1887 [published erratum appears in FASEB J 1990;4(8):2539]","volume":"4","author":"Merrill AH","year":"1990","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_131_2","first-page":"112","article-title":"Altered cytochrome P450 and P\u2010glycoprotein levels in rats during simulated weightlessness","volume":"73","author":"Lu SK","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.47.471"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_133_2","first-page":"R222","article-title":"Hepatic function in rats after spaceflight: effects on lipids, glycogen, and enzymes","volume":"252","author":"Merrill AH","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142S","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.2.S142","article-title":"Differences in glycogen, lipids, and enzymes in livers from rats flown on COSMOS 2044","volume":"73","author":"Merrill AH","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132S","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.2.S132","article-title":"Analyses of plasma for metabolic and hormonal changes in rats flown aboard COSMOS 2044","volume":"73","author":"Merrill AH","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_6_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.8.14.7958625","article-title":"Microgravity decreases tyrosine hydroxylase expression in rat adrenals","volume":"8","author":"Lelkes PI","year":"1994","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_6_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.8.1136","article-title":"Space flight is associated with rapid decreases of undercarboxylated osteocalcin and increases of markers of bone resorption without changes in their circadian variation: observations in two cosmonauts","volume":"46","author":"Caillot\u2010Augusseau A","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_138_2","first-page":"206","article-title":"Influence of microgravity on plasma levels of gastroenteropancreatic peptides: a case study","volume":"73","author":"Riepl RL","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)02327-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4622(01)00132-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.65.4.1752","article-title":"Association of sex and age with respect to lower body negative pressure","volume":"65","author":"Frey MAB","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1994.tb04979.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.5.2134"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00179-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2281.2001.00315.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_6_146_2","first-page":"S41","article-title":"Biomedical results of the space shuttle orbital flight test program","volume":"54","author":"Pool SL","year":"1983","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_147_2","volume-title":"Results of the Life Sciences DSOs Conducted aboard the Space Shuttle 1981\u20131986","author":"Cintron NM","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_148_2","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Results of the Life Sciences DSOs Conducted Aboard the Space Shuttle 1981\u20131986","author":"Cintron NM","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_149_2","volume-title":"Pharmacokinetic Considerations of Space Flight","author":"Benet LZ","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.1998.0328"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1991.tb03658.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1994.tb02017.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_153_2","first-page":"453","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for grading the severity of acute motion sickness","volume":"39","author":"Graybiel A","year":"1968","journal-title":"Aerospace Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.6.2029"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.4.1252","article-title":"Deposition and dispersion of 1\u2010micrometer aerosol boluses in the human lung: effect of micro\u2010 and hypergravity","volume":"85","author":"Darquenne C","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.4.1402","article-title":"Dispersion of 0.5\u2010 to 2\u2010micron aerosol in microG and hypergravity as a probe of convective inhomogeneity in the lung","volume":"86","author":"Darquenne C","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.5.1787"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1991.tb03656.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1994.tb02019.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_160_2","first-page":"508","article-title":"Kinetics of drug action in disease states: XXV. Effect of experimental hypovolemia on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of desmethyldiazepam","volume":"245","author":"Klockowski PM","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02873330"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191S","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.2.S191","article-title":"Spaceflight alters immune cell function and distribution","volume":"73","author":"Sonnenfeld G","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_163_2","first-page":"S222","article-title":"Effect of space flight on immune responses: bone marrow cell response to colony stimulating factor and leukocyte subsets","volume":"35","author":"Sonnenfeld G","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiologist"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_6_164_2","first-page":"648","article-title":"Effects of spaceflight on levels and activity of immune cells","volume":"61","author":"Sonnenfeld G","year":"1990","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.4.1429","article-title":"Spaceflight and development of immune responses","volume":"85","author":"Sonnenfeld G","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971992"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196S","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.2.S196","article-title":"Effect of spaceflight on natural killer cell activity","volume":"73","author":"Rykova MP","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_168_2","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Microbiology","author":"Mishra SK","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_169_2","first-page":"551","article-title":"Behavior of bacteria and antibiotics under space conditions","volume":"65","author":"Tixador R","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00367282"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00367282"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_6_172_2","first-page":"748","article-title":"Study of minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics on bacteria cultivated in vitro in space (Cytos 2 experiment)","volume":"56","author":"Tixador R","year":"1985","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530100610","article-title":"Shear stress enhances microcin B17 production in a rotating wall bioreactor, but ethanol stress does not","volume":"56","author":"Gao Q","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_174_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Long\u2010term exposure to spaceflight conditions affects bacterial response to antibiotics","volume":"12","author":"Juergensmeyer MA","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microgravity Sci Technol"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_6_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.8.2093-2097.1997","article-title":"Development of an antimicrobial susceptibility testing method suitable for performance during space flight","volume":"35","author":"Jorgensen JH","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_176_2","first-page":"933","article-title":"Antibiotic activity in space","volume":"12","author":"Lapchine L","year":"1986","journal-title":"Drug Exp Clin Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.1018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-143-2-449"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_6_179_2","first-page":"1104","article-title":"Low gravity and inertial effects on the growth of E. coli and B. subtilis in semi\u2010solid media","volume":"68","author":"Kacena MA","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530051386"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199610000-00026"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1177%2F0091270004267193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0091270004267193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T17:02:42Z","timestamp":1734454962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0091270004267193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"references-count":180,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0091270004267193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0091270004267193","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-2700","1552-4604"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4604","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}}}