{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T05:08:12Z","timestamp":1761109692685},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,8]],"date-time":"2013-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2592,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug\u2010drug interactions are a major practical concern for physicians treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because of the many medications that HIV\u2010positive patients must take. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions can occur at different levels (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and are difficult to predict. Of all the processes that give rise to drug interactions, metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP3A) is the most frequent. Moreover, medications prescribed to HIV\u2010positive patients may also be CYP3A inhibitors and inducers: Tipranavir, in the absence of ritonavir, is a CYP3A inducer, and ritonavir is a CYP3A inhibitor. Fortunately, the drug interactions between tipranavir coadministered with ritonavir and other antiretroviral medications or with other medications commonly used in HIV therapy are well characterized. This review summarizes the pharmacokinetic interactions between tipranavir\/ritonavir and 11 other antiretroviral medications and between tipranavir\/ritonavir and drugs used to treat opportunistic infections such as fungal infections, antiretroviral\u2010treatment\u2010related conditions such as hyperlipidemia, and side effects such as diarrhea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270005283279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T23:43:03Z","timestamp":1138059783000},"page":"130-139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Practical Perspectives on the Use of Tipranavir in Combination With Other Medications: Lessons Learned From Pharmacokinetic Studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Boffito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Desmond","family":"Maitland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Pozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","unstructured":"Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV\u20101\u2010infected adults and adolescents.Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV Infection Convened by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).March 23 2004. Available at:http:AIDSinfo.nih.gov. 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In: 15th International AIDS Conference; July 11\u201316 2004; Bangkok Thailand. Poster WeOrB1236."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","unstructured":"NeubacherD MarkowitzM SlaterL CurryR McCallisterS.Long\u2010term 80\u2010week follow\u2010up of highly treatment\u2010experienced (HTE) patients on tipranavir\u2010based antiretroviral therapy (BI 1182.2). In: 9th European AIDS Conference (EACS) 1st EACS Resistance & Pharmacology Workshop; October 26\u201329 2003; Warsaw Poland. Poster 7.2\/3."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","unstructured":"HicksC and the RESIST\u20102 study team. RESIST\u20101: A phase 3 randomized controlled open\u2010label multicenter trial comparing tipranavir\/ritonavir (TPV\/r) to an optimized comparator protease inhibitor\/r (CPI\/r) regimen in antiretroviral (ARV) experienced patients: 24\u2010week data. In: 44th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC); October 30\u2010November 2 2004; Washington DC USA. Presentation H\u20101137a."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","unstructured":"CahnP and the RESIST 2 study team. 24\u2010week data from RESIST 2: Phase 3 study of the efficacy and safety of either tipranavir\/ritonavir (TPV\/r) or an optimized ritonavir (RTV)\u2010boosted standard\u2010of\u2010care (SOC) comparator PI (CPI) in a large randomized multicenter trial in treatment\u2010experienced HIV+ patients. In: 7th International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection; November 14\u201318 2004; Glasgow UK. Poster PL14.3."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/RRX7-49ME-27V7-MWWV"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315867"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","unstructured":"LeithJ WalmsleyC KatlamaK et al.Pharmacokinetics and safety of tipranavir\/ritonavir (TPV\/r) alone or in combination with saquinavir (SQV) amprenavir (APV) or lopinavir (LPV): interim analysis of BI 1182.51. In: 5th International Workshop on Clinical Pharmacology of HIV Therapy; April 1\u20133 2004; Rome Italy. Poster 5.1."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","unstructured":"RoszkoPJ CurryK BrazinaB et al.Standard doses of efavirenz (EFV) zidovudine (ZDV) tenofovir (TDF) and didanosine (ddI) may be given with tipranavir\/ritonavir (TPV\/r). In: 2nd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment; July 13\u201316 2003; Paris France. Poster 865."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","unstructured":"GoebelFD SaboJP MacGregorTR MayersDL McCallisterS.Pharmacokinetic drug interaction screen of three doses of tipranavir\/ritonavir (TPV\/r) in HIV\u2010infected patients on stable highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). 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Poster A\u2010457."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","volume-title":"Biaxin (clarithromycin) [prescribing information]"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","volume-title":"Mycobutin (rifabutin) [prescribing information]"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","unstructured":"vanHeeswijkR SaboJP MacGregorTR et al.The pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between single\u2010dose rifabutin (RFB) and steady\u2010stake tipranavir\/ritonavir 500 mg\/200 mg bid (TPV\/r) in healthy volunteers. In: 44th ICAAC Meeting; October 30\u2010November 2 2004; Washington DC. 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Abstract 5.2."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","article-title":"Interaction of ritonavir\u2010boosted tipranavir with loperamide does not result in loperamide\u2010as\u2010sociated central neurologic side effects in healthy volunteers","author":"Mukwaya G","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_2","volume-title":"Norvir [prescribing information]"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_2","volume-title":"Aptivus BPI Final"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270004272732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1A447"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.20.6.549.35162"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1177%2F0091270005283279","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0091270005283279","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T13:19:21Z","timestamp":1697116761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0091270005283279"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0091270005283279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0091270005283279","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-2700","1552-4604"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4604","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]}}}