{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:22:53Z","timestamp":1773285773582,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,7]],"date-time":"2013-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1345,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study seeks to measure the treatment effect of glucose\u2014insulin\u2014potassium (GIK) infusion on mortality in critically ill patients. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials is conducted, comparing GIK treatment with standard care or placebo in critically ill adult patients. The primary outcome variable is mortality. Two authors independently extract data and assess study quality. The primary analysis is based on the random effects model to produce pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The search yields 1720 potential publications; 23 studies are included in the final analysis, providing a sample of 22 525 patients. The combined results demonstrate no heterogeneity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .57, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0%) and no effect on mortality (OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.93\u20131.11) with GIK treatment. No experimental studies of shock or sepsis populations are identified. This meta\u2010analysis finds that there is no mortality benefit to GIK infusion in critically ill patients; however, study populations are limited to acute myocardial infarction and cardiovascular surgery patients. No studies are identified using GIK in patients with septic shock or other forms of circulatory shock, providing an absence of evidence regarding the effect of GIK as a therapy in patients with shock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270009334375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,6]],"date-time":"2009-05-06T02:44:28Z","timestamp":1241577868000},"page":"758-767","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effect of Glucose\u2014Insulin\u2014Potassium Infusion on Mortality in Critical Care Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Puskarich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Runyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Trzeciak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Kline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan E.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(62)90035-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.4.437","article-title":"Effect of glucose\u2010insulin\u2010potassium infusion on mortality in patients with acute ST\u2010segment elevation myocardial infarction: the CREATE\u2010ECLA randomized controlled trial","volume":"293","author":"Mehta SR","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.4.1152"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2004.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/22.11.777"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.37.12.1684"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006993910781"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-199608000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"E634","article-title":"Effect of sepsis on activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in skeletal muscle and liver","volume":"250","author":"Vary TC","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2828(83)90319-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","first-page":"707","article-title":"Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by insulin action","volume":"31","author":"Hutson NJ","year":"1979","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.3.949"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Higgins JPT","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2006.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.18.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2389.00156"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00204-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)90903-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","first-page":"421A","article-title":"Randomized study of glucose insulin potassium in patients with acute myocardial infarction [abstract]","volume":"24","author":"Rackley CE","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","first-page":"II\u201061","article-title":"Glucose\u2010insulin\u2010potassium, patient mortality and the acute myocardial infarction: results from a prospective randomized study [abstract]","volume":"58","author":"Stanley AWH","year":"1978","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"The value of the polarizing treatment in myocardial infarction","volume":"29","author":"Thys JP.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(81)90303-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","first-page":"216A","article-title":"Glucose\u2010insulin\u2010potassium infusion in acute myocardial infarction\u2010results of a prospective randomized study [abstract]","volume":"30","author":"Rogers J","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)35966-5","article-title":"Effects of preoperative glucose\u2010insulin\u2010potassium on myocardial glycogen levels and on complications of mitral valve replacement","volume":"91","author":"Oldfield GS","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Thoracic Cardiovas Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","first-page":"I91","article-title":"Efficacy of metabolic support with glucose\u2010insulin\u2010potassium for left ventricular pump failure after aortocoronary bypass surgery","volume":"80","author":"Coleman GM","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(97)70333-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(00)01317-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000121747.71054.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","first-page":"361","article-title":"Glucose\u2010insulin\u2010potassium solution before cardiopulmonary bypass in coronary artery surgery","volume":"28","author":"Turkoz A","year":"2000","journal-title":"Turk Anest Rean Cem Mecnuiasi"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/140174301317116334"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jcan.2002.125151"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)03619-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.05.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.000786"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2005.05.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","first-page":"152","article-title":"The effects of high concentration glucose\u2010insulin\u2010potassium (GIK) on the hemodynamics of patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"15","author":"Yanhui L","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin J Emerg Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197405000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(75)90094-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198103000-00264"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198507000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","first-page":"623","article-title":"Glucose\u2010potassium\u2010insulin in hypodynamic septic shock","volume":"35","author":"Mauritz W","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.3.800"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y78-017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_2","first-page":"405","article-title":"Effect of glucose\u2010insulin\u2010potassium on survival in experimental endotoxic shock","volume":"147","author":"Manny J","year":"1978","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_2","first-page":"145","article-title":"Ventricular function, hemodynamics, and oxygen consumption during infusions of blood and glucose\u2010insulin\u2010potassium (GIK) in canine endotoxin shock","volume":"9","author":"Bronsveld W","year":"1982","journal-title":"Circ Shock"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(83)90067-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_2","first-page":"325","article-title":"Effects of glucose\u2010insulin\u2010potassium (GIK) on myocardial blood flow and metabolism in canine endotoxin shock","volume":"13","author":"Bronsveld W","year":"1984","journal-title":"Circ Shock"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-7-10"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1177%2F0091270009334375","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0091270009334375","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T22:48:40Z","timestamp":1697150920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0091270009334375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0091270009334375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0091270009334375","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-2700","1552-4604"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4604","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}}}