{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T20:33:28Z","timestamp":1794083608640,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,8]],"date-time":"2013-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3903,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential oil compounds such as found in thyme extract are established for the therapy of chronic and acute bronchitis. Various pharmacodynamic activities for thyme extract and the essential thyme oil, respectively, have been demonstrated in vitro, but availability of these compounds in the respective target organs has not been proven. Thus, investigation of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are necessary to provide the link between in vitro effects and in vivo studies. To determine the systemic availability and the pharmacokinetics of thymol after oral application to humans, a clinical trial was carried out in 12 healthy volunteers. Each subject received a single dose of a Bronchipret\u00ae TP tablet, which is equivalent to 1.08 mg thymol. No thymol could be detected in plasma or urine. However, the metabolites thymol sulfate and thymol glucuronide were found in urine and identified by LC\u2010MS\/MS. Plasma and urine samples were analyzed after enzymatic hydrolysis of the metabolites by headspace solid\u2010phase microextraction prior to GC analysis and flame ionization detection. Thymol sulfate, but not thymol glucuronide, was detectable in plasma. Peak plasma concentrations were 93.1 \u00b1 24.5 ng ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and were reached after 2.0 \u00b1 0.8 hours. The mean terminal elimination half\u2010life was 10.2 hours. Thymol sulfate was detectable up to 41 hours after administration. Urinary excretion could be followed over 24 hours. The amount of both thymol sulfate and glucuronide excreted in 24\u2010hour urine was 16.2% \u00b1 4.5% of the dose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/009127002401102678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,19]],"date-time":"2003-07-19T09:38:13Z","timestamp":1058607493000},"page":"731-737","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Systemic Availability and Pharmacokinetics of Thymol in Humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Kohlert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gernot","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard W","family":"M\u00e4rz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benno","family":"Brinkhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hartmut","family":"Derendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva\u2010Ulrike","family":"Gr\u00e4fe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Veit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"392","article-title":"Productive coughing complaints: Sirupus Thymi or Bromhexine? A double blind randomized study","volume":"37","author":"Knols G","year":"1994","journal-title":"Huisarts Vet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"90","article-title":"Einflu\u00df einer 6 monatigen Therapie mit Myrtol standardisiert auf den Krankheitsverlauf der chronischen Bronchitis. Ergebnisse einer multizentrischen placebokontrollierten Doppelblindstudie","volume":"50","author":"Meister R","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pneumologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0944-7113(97)80035-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"700","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of myrtol standardized in acute bronchitis: a multi\u2010centre, randomised, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled parallel group clinical trial vs. cefuroxime and ambroxol","volume":"50","author":"Matthys H","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arzneimittel Forsch"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","volume-title":"Bronchitis\u2014Neue Erkenntnisse zu Wirkungen und Wirksamkeit von Arzneipflanzen.","author":"Morgenstern E","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","volume-title":"Bronchitis\u2014Neue Erkenntnisse zu Wirkungen und Wirksamkeit von Arzneipflanzen.","author":"Schwenk U","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-62.9.1017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","volume-title":"Biogene Arzneimittel.","author":"Teuscher E","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","volume-title":"Essential Oils and Aromatic Plants.","author":"Schilcher H","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"4306","article-title":"Antiobstruktive Wirksamkeit von Cineol bei Atemwegserkrankungen","volume":"37","author":"Grimm H","year":"1987","journal-title":"Therapiewoche"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-997381"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"2652","article-title":"Chronisch\u2010obstruktive Bronchitis. Welchen Einflu\u00df hat Cineol auf die mukozili\u00e4re Clearance?","volume":"39","author":"Dorow P","year":"1989","journal-title":"Therapiewoche"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"237","article-title":"Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ten essential oils in vitro","volume":"86","author":"Pattnaik S","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microbios"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.5.565"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(99)00033-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-8616"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Determination of thymol in human plasma by automated headspace solid\u2010phase microextraction\/gas chromatographic analysis","volume":"7","author":"Kohlert C","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b14095","volume-title":"Pharmacokinetics.","author":"Gibaldi M","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1984.tb02519.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","first-page":"1198","article-title":"Untersuchungen zur relativen Bioverf\u00fcgbarkeit und zur Pharmakokinetik von Myrtol standardisiert","volume":"45","author":"Zimmermann T","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arznemittel Forsch"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","unstructured":"LangeneckertA:Untersuchungen zur Pharmakokinetik und relativen Bioverf\u00fcgbarkeit von alpha\u2010Pinen 1 8\u2010Cineol und Menthol nach dermaler inhalativer und peroraler Applikation \u00e4therischer \u00dcle.PhD dissertation Johann Wolfgang Goethe\u2010Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt am Main 1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","first-page":"200","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of the bronchosecretolytic ozothin after intravenous injection","volume":"23","author":"Kleinschmidt J","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Tox"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","first-page":"100","article-title":"Transdermale Absorption von Terpenen aus den etherischen \u00d6len der Pinimenthol\u2010S\u2010Salbe","volume":"37","author":"Schuster O","year":"1986","journal-title":"Med Welt"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1771"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/21.4.477"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000139335"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.4.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399509531956"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","first-page":"281","article-title":"A specific g.l.c. assay for menthol in urine","volume":"12","author":"Bell G","year":"1981","journal-title":"Brit J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809202601116"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01880626"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","first-page":"102","article-title":"Tissue\u2010specific expression of human arysulfatase\u2010C isozymes and steroid sulfatase","volume":"40","author":"Munroe DG","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Hum Gen"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","first-page":"727","article-title":"Urinary excretion of arylsulfatases A and B in patients with renal transplants","volume":"35","author":"Cavallini M","year":"1980","journal-title":"Minerva Chir"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0580379"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050074"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703898"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1990.203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","first-page":"263","article-title":"Conjugative clearance of 1\u2010naphtol and disposition of its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in the isolated perfused rat kidney","volume":"244","author":"Redegeld FA","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00498258009033796"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","first-page":"4608","article-title":"Main drug\u2010 and carcinogen\u2010metabolizing enzyme systems in human non\u2010small cell lung cancer and peritumoral tissues","volume":"53","author":"Toussaint C","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Non\u2010invasive exhalation monitoring\u2014analysis of volatile compounds at the ppb and sub\u2010ppb level","volume":"7","author":"Bischoff R","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1987.tb01783.x"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1177%2F009127002401102678","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/009127002401102678","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T12:47:10Z","timestamp":1700398030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1177\/009127002401102678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/009127002401102678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009127002401102678","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-2700","1552-4604"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4604","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]}}}