{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:19:38Z","timestamp":1777375178283,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Aging Hum Dev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although some evidence suggests that community characteristics may play an important role in the development of depressive symptoms among older adults, current literature has not attended to the role of community characteristics in depression in South Korea. This study begins to address this gap in the literature by examining the relationship of community characteristics and depressive symptoms, controlling for individual characteristics. Using a cross-sectional design and probability sampling, we surveyed 949 older adults living alone in 70 communities in the Busan metropolitan area in South Korea in 2012. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis that community characteristics are predictive of depressive symptoms. We find that both the proportion of older adults and the number of senior citizen facilities in a community are associated with depressive symptoms, whereas community poverty is not related to depressive symptoms. Men with lower income, with lower levels of functional abilities, and without stronger family and friend social networks have a higher risk of depressive symptoms. Implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0091415015590315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,17]],"date-time":"2015-08-17T02:38:13Z","timestamp":1439779093000},"page":"248-263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Depressive Symptoms of Older Adults Living Alone"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Kyeongmo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minhong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Welfare, Dong-Eui University, Busan, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen, R. (1995). Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: Does it matter?\n                      Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36\n                      (1), 1\u201310. Retrieved from http:\/\/mph.ufl.edu\/files\/2012\/01\/session6april2RevisitingBehavioralModel.pdf.","DOI":"10.2307\/2137284"},{"key":"bibr2-0091415015590315","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Changing the U.S. health care system: Key issues in health services policy and management","author":"Andersen R.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr3-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aneshensel, C., Wight, R., Miller-Martinez, D., Botticello, A., Karlamangla, A. & Seeman, T. (2007). Urban neighborhoods and depressive symptoms among older adults.\n                      Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62B\n                      (1), S52\u2013S59. Retrieved from http:\/\/psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/62\/1\/S52.full.pdf+html.","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/62.1.S52"},{"key":"bibr4-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Back, J. & Lee, Y. (2011). Gender differences in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and depressive symptoms in older adults.\n                      Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 52\n                      , e140\u2013e144. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0167494310002359.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2010.09.012"},{"key":"bibr5-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, J. & Cho, M. (2004). Development of the Korean version of the geriatric depression scale and its short form among elderly psychiatric patients.\n                      Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57\n                      (3), 297\u2013305. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022399904000285.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.01.004"},{"key":"bibr6-0091415015590315","first-page":"341","volume":"51","author":"Bae J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Welfare for the Aged"},{"key":"bibr7-0091415015590315","volume-title":"Multilevel analysis for applied research: It\u2019s just regression!","author":"Bickel R.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr8-0091415015590315","volume-title":"The survey on living conditions of older adults living alone in the Busan metropolitan area","author":"Busan Social Welfare Development Institute (BSWDI)","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr9-0091415015590315","unstructured":"Busan Social Welfare Development Institute (BSWDI). (2013).\n                      2013 Busan welfare statistics\n                      . Retrieved from www.bswdi.re.kr."},{"key":"bibr10-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00770.x"},{"key":"bibr11-0091415015590315","volume-title":"Data analysis using regression and multilevel\/hierarchical models","author":"Gelman A.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr13-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000194649.49784.29"},{"key":"bibr14-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, S., Kawachi, I., Chang, J., Boo, K., Shin, H., Lee, H. & Cho, S. (2009). Marital status, gender, and depression: Analysis of the baseline survey of the Korean longitudinal study of Ageing (KLoSA).\n                      Social Science and Medicine, 69\n                      , 1608\u20131615. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S027795360900598X.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.09.007"},{"key":"bibr15-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610211002894"},{"key":"bibr16-0091415015590315","volume-title":"Comprehensive study for the elderly welfare policy in Busan","author":"Kim S.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr17-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi185"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr18-0091415015590315","first-page":"30","volume":"13","author":"Kwon S. S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Korean Community Nursing"},{"key":"bibr19-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/AG.72.3.c"},{"key":"bibr20-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860903420997"},{"key":"bibr21-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/46.4.503"},{"key":"bibr22-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241.1.3.86"},{"key":"bibr23-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzoli, L., Villari, P., Pirone, G. M. & Boccia, A. (2007). Marital status and mortality in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis.\n                      Social Science and Medicine, 64\n                      , 77\u201394. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0277953606004424.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.08.031"},{"key":"bibr24-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264309349029"},{"key":"bibr25-0091415015590315","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2011).\n                      Current conditions of facilities for older adults: 2011\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.index.go.kr\/potal\/main\/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=2766."},{"key":"bibr26-0091415015590315","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","year":"2010","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr27-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.12.038"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr28-0091415015590315","first-page":"104","volume":"9","author":"Roh K. H.","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Korean Community Nursing"},{"key":"bibr29-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147"},{"key":"bibr30-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-7657.2011.00946.x"},{"key":"bibr31-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/19404921-20100108-01"},{"key":"bibr32-0091415015590315","first-page":"4973","volume":"67","author":"Tyrell M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International"},{"key":"bibr33-0091415015590315","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2012).\n                      Healthy people 2020\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/healthypeople.gov\/2020\/topicsobjectives2020\/ebr.aspx?topicId=1."},{"key":"bibr34-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2061670"},{"key":"bibr35-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbn016"},{"key":"bibr36-0091415015590315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.175.6.549"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Aging and Human Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0091415015590315","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0091415015590315","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0091415015590315","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:00:55Z","timestamp":1777366855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0091415015590315"}},"subtitle":["The Role of Community Characteristics"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0091415015590315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0091415015590315","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-4150","1541-3535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-4150","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-3535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}}}