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In this study, we use ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models to estimate the long-term impact on children of physical punishment from their parents. Results: We found that individuals who recalled being hit by their mother in early life reported more depressive symptoms than those who recalled being punished by their father. Difficult family contexts (e.g., comparative poverty, family violence, and parent's poor mental health) had a weak association with higher risk of reporting physical maltreatment and more depressive symptoms among respondents in later life. Conclusion: This article extended the exploration of the long-term impact of child physical maltreatment beyond adolescence and into until later adult life. Effective policies to protect children from maltreatment in the form of physical punishment require further attention to the challenges posed by tradition and culture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00914150231218934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T15:49:33Z","timestamp":1704728973000},"page":"399-419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Depressive Symptoms in Later Life in China: Situating \u201cLong Arm\u201d of Child Physical Maltreatment Within a Family Context"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7061-1948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengming","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rebecca Sealy Hospital \u2013 rm 6.124, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tirth","family":"Bhatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociology Department, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Kahana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rebecca Sealy Hospital \u2013 rm 6.124, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boaz","family":"Kahana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Gran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rebecca Sealy Hospital \u2013 rm 6.124, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rebecca Sealy Hospital \u2013 rm 6.124, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"bibr1-00914150231218934","first-page":"45","volume":"22","author":"Abbott D. 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