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We estimated multi-level linear growth curve models using a representative sample of 16,111 respondents aged 45\u2005years and over from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011\u20132018). Older people who lived with a spouse, but not with children, and those with higher living expenditures, better housing quality, and indoor clean fuels for cooking had a slower cognitive decline. Living arrangement more strongly predicted men's cognitive decline, while living expenditure, solid fuel use, and housing quality significantly predicted only women's cognitive decline. Only for older adults and rural residents, those living alone had significantly faster cognitive decline than those living with a spouse only. These findings underscore the importance of improving the living conditions of older adults to help alleviate their cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00914150241260824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T03:41:29Z","timestamp":1718077289000},"page":"189-209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Household Environments and Cognitive Decline Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China: Exploring Gender, Age, and Residential Variations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4899-318X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminal Justice, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminal Justice, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8705-9686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhang","family":"Lingling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.15.155812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714021115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60221-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01719"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110820"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038682"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","article-title":"Assessment of cognition using surveys and neuropsychological assessment: The Health and Retirement Study and the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study","volume":"66","author":"Crimmins E. 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