{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:32:42Z","timestamp":1777487562539,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wellcome Tust","award":["219771\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["219771\/Z\/19\/Z"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007753","name":"It\u00e4-Suomen Yliopisto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Postdoctoral research abroad grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Postdoctoral research abroad grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007753","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017643","name":"Saastamoisen s\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Postdoctoral research abroad grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Postdoctoral research abroad grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017643","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contemporary Drug Problems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Using a constructivist grounded theory design, this study explores the perception and experience of Iranian women living with drug use, identifying everyday conflicts and coping strategies that enable them to manage their situation. We conducted unstructured, in-depth interviews with abstinent drug users (11) and healthcare professionals (2) at three rehab centers in Tehran, Iran. In line with our grounded theory aspirations to explore the social meanings of women's drug use and addiction, we supplemented the interviews with a surrounding material consisting of articles published in the main national newspaper from 2015 to 2018 and a film documentary (10 parts, 3\u2005h) entitled \u201cIranian Women of Addiction,\u201d (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shab boohay-e-sokhteh<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) (2010\u20132011). Our analysis resulted in two main bundles of meaning-making that we claim are permeating the everyday lives of Iranian women with drug use: the double decline in character, and self-shielding. The study reveals the simultaneous presence of two stigmatized identities: drug use and sex work (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fahsha<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). It shows that the stigma of sex work is closely connected to a drug-related identity, irrespective of whether women are actively involved in sex work or not. The findings illustrate how societal views are biased against drug user women in the domain of drug use, diminishing their presence and voice. The interviewees tried to manage by developing a peer network, adopting a protective role, and becoming intrinsically motivated to quit drug use. The study furthers our understanding of women's alarming and complex realities in traditional Islamic and familistic patriarchal structures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00914509241312578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T10:16:06Z","timestamp":1737108966000},"page":"295-309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["\u201cA Double Decline in Character\u201d: A Grounded Theory Analysis of Female Drug User Experiences in Iran"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3610-3418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Momeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matilda","family":"Hellman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala University"},{"name":"University of Helsinki"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maziyar","family":"Ghiabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840.2017.1341586"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","unstructured":"Akbari A. H (2011). Documentary film: Iranian women of addiction (Shab boohay-e-sokhteh). https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4X5PKNzh16g."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102908"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-020-00299-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","volume-title":"Life on drugs in Iran: Between prison and rehab","author":"Anaraki N. R.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anaraki N. R. (2022). Life on drugs in Iran: Between prison and rehab. SYRACUSE University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","volume-title":"Glaserian grounded theory in nursing research: Trusting emergence","author":"Artinian B M","unstructured":"Artinian B M, Giske T (2009), Glaserian grounded theory in nursing research: Trusting emergence. Springer Publishing Company."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","unstructured":"BBC Persian. (2016). \u0639\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628\u061b \u0637\u0631\u062d\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0636 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646\u061f https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/persian\/iran\/2016\/04\/160421_nm_women_homeless_mollaverdi_addiction"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","unstructured":"Behrouzan O. (2010). An epidemic of meanings: HIV and AIDS in Iran and the significance of history language and gender. In J. Klot & V.-K. Nguyen (Eds.) The fourth wave: Violence gender culture & HIV in the 21st Century (pp. 319\u2013346). UNESCO."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315820507"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-008-9400-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-83982-882-920200036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446221792.n3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","volume-title":"Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis","author":"Charmaz K.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Charmaz K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","volume-title":"Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis","author":"Charmaz K.","unstructured":"Charmaz K. (2014a). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis (2nd ed.). Sage.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","volume-title":"Drugs, deviancy and democracy in Iran: The interaction of state and civil society","author":"Christensen J. B.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Christensen J. B. (2011). Drugs, deviancy and democracy in Iran: The interaction of state and civil society. Bloomsbury Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","article-title":"Women, addiction, and sexuality","author":"Covington S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Covington S. (1997). Women, addiction, and sexuality. In L. Straussner and E. Zelvin (Eds.), Gender issues in addiction: Men and women in treatment (pp. 71\u201395). Jason Aronson.","journal-title":"Gender issues in addiction: Men and women in treatment"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14905"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","volume-title":"Out of the shadows: Iran\u2019s evolving approach to drug addiction","author":"Etebari M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Etebari M. (2014). Out of the shadows: Iran\u2019s evolving approach to drug addiction. World Politics Review."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2014.943199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Collapse of the global order on drugs: From UNGASS 2016 to review 2019","author":"Ghiabi M.","unstructured":"Ghiabi M. (2018a). Deconstructing the Islamic bloc: The Middle East and North Africa and pluralistic drugs policy. In Collapse of the global order on drugs: From UNGASS 2016 to review 2019 (pp. 167\u2013189). Emerald Publishing Limited."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01436597.2017.1350818"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","first-page":"366","volume-title":"Drugs politics: Managing disorder in the Islamic Republic of Iran","author":"Ghiabi M.","unstructured":"Ghiabi M. (2019a). Drugs politics: Managing disorder in the Islamic Republic of Iran (p. 366). Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108567084"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Informality incorporated: Technology and the production of urban space in Tehran","volume":"19","author":"Ghiabi M.","unstructured":"Ghiabi M. (2019b). Informality incorporated: Technology and the production of urban space in Tehran. Informality Incorporated: Technology and the Production of Urban Space in Tehran, 19(1), 39\u201349.","journal-title":"Informality Incorporated: Technology and the Production of Urban Space in Tehran"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1466138118787534"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","unstructured":"Giada G. Marcela J. Ajeng L. (2024). The death penalty for drug offences: A global overview 2023. Harm Reduction International. https:\/\/hri.global\/flagship-research\/death-penalty\/the-death-penalty-for-drugoffences-global-overview-2023\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","volume-title":"The grounded theory perspective III: Theoretical coding","author":"Glaser B. G.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Glaser B. G. (2005). The grounded theory perspective III: Theoretical coding. Sociology Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research","volume":"61","author":"Glaser B. G.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Glaser B. G., Strauss A. L. (1967). Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine Transaction, 61\u201362, 109\u2013111.","journal-title":"Aldine Transaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","volume-title":"Law of desire: Temporary marriage in Shi\u2019i Iran","author":"Haeri S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haeri S. (2014). Law of desire: Temporary marriage in Shi\u2019i Iran. Syracuse University Press."},{"issue":"47","key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Addict women\u2019s lived experience in Tehran: Development of an explanatory model","volume":"12","author":"Hajiha Z.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hajiha Z., Bahrami Ehsan H., Rostami R. (2018). Addict women\u2019s lived experience in Tehran: Development of an explanatory model. Scientific Quarterly Research on Addiction, 12(47), 111\u2013134.","journal-title":"Scientific Quarterly Research on Addiction"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","unstructured":"Hamshahri. (2016). https:\/\/www.hamshahrionline.ir\/news\/354459\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","unstructured":"Hamshahri. (2017). https:\/\/www.hamshahrionline.ir\/news\/357409\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Cultures of addiction","author":"Hellman M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hellman M., Rantala V. (2012). Codependence, madness and glamour: Narratives of women celebrity addicts in internet tabloids. In Cultures of addiction (pp. 175\u2013206). Cambria Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.02.013"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Case and grounded theory as qualitative research methods","volume":"25","author":"Jacelon C. S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jacelon C. S., O\u2019Dell K. K. (2005). Case and grounded theory as qualitative research methods. Urologic Nursing, 25(1), 49\u201352.","journal-title":"Urologic Nursing"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v6n5p132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","first-page":"40","volume-title":"Gender in contemporary Iran","author":"Kian A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kian A. (2011). Gendering Shi\u2019ism in post-revolutionary Iran. In R. Bahramitash & E. J. Hooglund (Eds.), Gender in contemporary Iran (pp. 40\u201351). Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/kris21457"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","unstructured":"Kvale S. (1996). InterViews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Sage."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Managing stigma: Women drug users and recovery services","volume":"1","author":"Lee N.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee N., Boeri M. (2017). Managing stigma: Women drug users and recovery services. Fusio: The Bentley Undergraduate Research Journal, 1(2), 65.","journal-title":"Fusio: The Bentley Undergraduate Research Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-1767(85)90062-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/16066351003597159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","unstructured":"Metz V. Fischer G. (2010). Sex and gender in addiction research and therapy. In I. Klinge & C. Wiesemann (Eds.) Sex and gender in biomedicine: Theories methodologies results (pp.101\u2013123). Universit\u00e4tsverlag G\u00f6ttingen."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-172X.2006.00543.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","volume-title":"Men in charge: Rethinking authority in Muslim legal tradition","author":"Mir-Hosseini Z.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mir-Hosseini Z., Al-Sharmani M., Rumminger J. (2014). Men in charge: Rethinking authority in Muslim legal tradition. Simon and Schuster."},{"issue":"42","key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Systematic review on the effectiveness of compulsory treatment interventions in addicts","volume":"11","author":"Moghanibashi-Mansourieh A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moghanibashi-Mansourieh A., Fathi M., Barati Sedeh F., Eslamian A. (2017). Systematic review on the effectiveness of compulsory treatment interventions in addicts. Scientific Quarterly Research on Addiction, 11(42), 141\u2013160.","journal-title":"Scientific Quarterly Research on Addiction"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","unstructured":"Mokri A. (2002). Brief overview of the status of drug abuse in Iran."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","unstructured":"Momeni A. (2021). Re-identification to leave drug addiction: A grounded theory of transforming identity [Doctoral dissertation]. It\u00e4-Suomen yliopisto."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-020-00279-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","unstructured":"Nissaramanesh B. Trace M. Roberts M. (2005). The rise of harm reduction in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme Briefing Paper 8."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Living with addicted men and codependency: The moderating effect of personality traits","volume":"8","author":"Panaghi L.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Panaghi L., Ahmadabadi Z., Khosravi N., Sadeghi M. S., Madanipour A. (2016). Living with addicted men and codependency: The moderating effect of personality traits. Addiction & Health, 8(2), 98.","journal-title":"Addiction & Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","first-page":"1189","article-title":"Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis","volume":"34","author":"Patton M. Q.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Patton M. Q. (1999). Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health Services Research, 34(5 Pt 2), 1189.","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-008-9424-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","volume-title":"The lived experience of a sexually abused woman moving toward wholeness","author":"Robertson S. T.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robertson S. T. (2016). The lived experience of a sexually abused woman moving toward wholeness. Pacifica Graduate Institute."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","volume-title":"Real-world research","author":"Robson C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Robson C. (2002). Real-world research (2nd edn). Blackwell Publishing.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826088109038895"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","first-page":"120","article-title":"Women and addiction: Process, treatment and outcome","volume":"98","author":"Rosenbaum M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rosenbaum M., Murphy S. (1990). Women and addiction: Process, treatment and outcome. NIDA Research Monograph Series, 98, 120\u2013127.","journal-title":"NIDA Research Monograph Series"},{"issue":"32","key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Substance abuse among young female sex workers in Tehran Metropolitan","volume":"10","author":"Roshanfekr P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roshanfekr P., Madani Qahfarokhi S., Ranjbar M., Nasiri B., Mohammadi M. A. (2019). Substance abuse among young female sex workers in Tehran Metropolitan. Sociological Studies of Youth, 10(32), 75\u201390.","journal-title":"Sociological Studies of Youth"},{"issue":"26","key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Survey of four decades of addiction prevalence researches in Iran","volume":"7","author":"Sarrami H.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sarrami H., Ghorbani M., Minooei M. (2013). Survey of four decades of addiction prevalence researches in Iran. Scientific Quarterly Research on Addiction, 7(26), 29\u201352. (In Persian).","journal-title":"Scientific Quarterly Research on Addiction"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-3861-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","unstructured":"Strauss A. Corbin J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research techniques."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (2008). World Drug Report. 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime (2010). World drug report 2010. United Nations Publications.","DOI":"10.18356\/079beef9-en"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime (2022). World drug report 2022. United Nations Publications.","DOI":"10.18356\/9789210019545"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-008-9504-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108768948"}],"container-title":["Contemporary Drug Problems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00914509241312578","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00914509241312578","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00914509241312578","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:38:39Z","timestamp":1777387119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00914509241312578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00914509241312578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00914509241312578","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-4509","2163-1808"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-4509","type":"print"},{"value":"2163-1808","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]}}}