{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T21:16:05Z","timestamp":1770844565787,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]],"date-time":"2003-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1054425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Communication Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Although researchers have proposed a skill deficit account for observed gender differences in the provision of emotional support, few studies have directly tested the claim that men are less capable of providing effective support. This study advances an alternative account for gender differences in the effectiveness of supportive communication, arguing that gender differences may emerge because men and women respond differently to situational factors that influence the motivation to provide sensitive emotional support. Participants produced emotional support messages in response to scenarios varying in target gender, target responsibility for the problem, and target effort to resolve the problem, as well as in response to the problem itself (a replication factor included to increase generalizability). Women produced messages exhibiting greater emotional sensitivity than those of men across the other factors examined, providing support for the skill deficit account and failing to provide evidence of differential motivation. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650203030003002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,13]],"date-time":"2003-06-13T00:17:59Z","timestamp":1055463479000},"page":"272-303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Skill Deficit or Differential Motivation?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Erina L.","family":"MacGeorge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Seth J.","family":"Gillihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Samter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ruth Anne","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/51B.6.P374"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01664770"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03634528009378407"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Applegate, J. L. (1980b). Person- and position-centered communication in a day-care center. In N. K. Denzin (Ed.), Studies in symbolic interaction (Vol. 3, pp. 59-96). Greenwich, CT: JAI."},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aries, E. (1996). Men and women in interaction: Reconsidering the differences. New York: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195094695.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007119516728"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407590074009"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Borden, A. (1979). An investigation of the relationships among indices of social cognition, motivation, and communicative performance. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana."},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872678704000103"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130086"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1983.tb00019.x"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637758409390190"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X8543006"},{"key":"atypb14","unstructured":"Burleson, B. R. (1994). Comforting messages: Significance, approaches, and effects. In B. R. Burleson, T. L. Albrecht, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Communication of social support: Messages, interactions, relationships, and community (pp. 3-28). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407596132003"},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"Burleson, B. R. & MacGeorge, E. L. (2002). Supportive communication. In M. L. Knapp, J. A. Daly, & G. K. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (3rd ed., pp. 374-424). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637758509376099"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0714980800010679"},{"key":"atypb19","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb20","unstructured":"Cross, S. E. & Markus, H. R. (1993). Gender in thought, belief, and action. In A. E. Beall & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The psychology of gender (pp. 55-98). New York: Guilford."},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunningham, M. R. & Barbee, A. P. (2000). Social support. In C. Hendrick, & S. S. Hendrick (Eds.), Close relationships: A sourcebook (pp. 273-285). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452220437.n20"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00152.x"},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Deaux, K. & Kite, M. (1993). Gender stereotypes. In F.L. Denmark & M.A. Paludi (Eds.), Psychology of women: A handbook of issues and theories (pp. 107-139). Westport, CT: Greenwood."},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.3.369"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/40.6.761"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.3.4.348"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130743"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02734142"},{"key":"atypb29","unstructured":"Eagly, A. H., Wood, W. & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123-174). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fivush, R. & Buckner, J. P. (2000). Gender, sadness, and depression: The development of emotional focus through gendered discourse. In A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 232-253). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511628191.012"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00185.x"},{"key":"atypb32","unstructured":"Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407597143003"},{"key":"atypb34","unstructured":"Gray, J. (1992). Men are from Mars, women are from Venus. New York: HarperCollins."},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08824099709388663"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407584011005"},{"key":"atypb37","unstructured":"Hunt, M. O. (2000). Status, religion, and the \u201cbelief in a just world\u201d: Comparing African Americans, Latinos, and Whites. Social Science Quarterly, 81, 325-343."},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, S. & Brashers, D. E. (1994). Random factors in ANOVA (Vol. 98). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985567"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.5.703"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jansz, J. (2000). Masculinity and restrictive emotionality. In A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 166-186). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511628191.009"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365097024005004"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2001.tb00793.x"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00532.x"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler, R. C., McLeod, J. D. & Wethington, E. (1985). The costs of sharing: A perspective on the relationship between sex and psychological distress. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 491-506). The Hague, the Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5115-0_25"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krause, N. & Keith, V. (1989). Gender differences in social support among older adults. Sex Roles, 21, 609-628.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00289174"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167293191010"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunkel, A. W. & Burleson, B. R. (1998). Social support and the emotional lives of men and women: An assessment of the different cultures perspective. In D. J. Canary & K. Dindia (Eds.), Sex differences and similarities in communication (pp. 101-125). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315805870-5"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1999.tb00448.x"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0448-5"},{"key":"atypb50","unstructured":"Levant, R. F., Hirsch, L., Celentano, E., Cozza, T., Hill, S., MacEachern, M., et al. (1992). The male role: An investigation of norms and stereotypes. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 14, 325-377."},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637750128050"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00815.x"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6811.1995.tb00087.x"},{"key":"atypb54","unstructured":"O'Connor, W. E., Morrison, T. G., McLeod, L. D. & Anderson, D. (1996). A meta-analytic review of the relationship between gender and belief in a just world. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 11, 141-148."},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.1988.7.1.34"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00151.x"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637757909375989"},{"key":"atypb58","unstructured":"Samter, W. (1989). Communication skills predictive of interpersonal acceptance in a group living situation: A sociometric study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana."},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08934210209367748"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1984.tb00047.x"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10510979009368313"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10417948709372694"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00154.x"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407591081007"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.99.4.361"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sprecher, S., Metts, S., Burleson, B. R., Hatfield, E. & Thompson, A. (1995). Domains of expressive interaction in intimate relationships: Associations with satisfaction and commitment. Family Relations, 44, 1-8.","DOI":"10.2307\/584810"},{"key":"atypb67","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: HarperCollins."},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365093020005005"},{"key":"atypb69","unstructured":"Tannen, D. (1990). You just don't understand: Women and men in conversation. New York: William Morrow."},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.119.3.488"},{"key":"atypb71","unstructured":"Weiner, B. (1995). Judgments of responsibility: A foundation for a theory of social conduct. New York: Guilford."},{"key":"atypb72","unstructured":"Wood, J. T. (1997). Gendered lives: Communication, gender, and culture (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth."},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10417940209373229"},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.32.5.842"}],"container-title":["Communication Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650203030003002","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650203030003002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T13:18:26Z","timestamp":1741094306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0093650203030003002"}},"subtitle":["Testing Alternative Explanations for Gender Differences in the Provision of Emotional Support"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0093650203030003002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650203030003002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-6502","1552-3810"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-6502","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3810","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]}}}