{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T22:16:40Z","timestamp":1783981000351,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]],"date-time":"2005-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1128124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Communication Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article examines the role of the Internet as a source of political information and a sphere for public expression. Informational media use, whether traditional news sources or online public affairs content, is expected to foster interpersonal political discussion and online civic messaging, contributing to increased civic participation. Using two-wave national panel survey data, three types of synchronous structural equation models are tested: cross sectional (relating individual differences), fixed effects (relating intraindividual change), and auto regressive (relating aggregate change). All models reveal that online media complement traditional media to foster political discussion and civic messaging. These two forms of political expression, in turn, influence civic participation. Other variable orderings are tested to compare the theorized model to alternative causal specifications. Results reveal that the model produces the best fit, empirically and theoretically, with the influence of the Internet, rivaling the mobilizing power of traditional modes of information and expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650205279209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,2]],"date-time":"2005-09-02T19:42:43Z","timestamp":1125690163000},"page":"531-565","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":727,"title":["Information and Expression in a Digital Age"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Dhavan V.","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeho","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"JR.","given":"William P.","family":"Eveland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nojin","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Studies at the University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/271083"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400874569"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"The civic culture revisited","author":"Almond, G. A.","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124187015003007"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650204266098"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3235370"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/105846099198569"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106591290105400103"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research","author":"Blumler, J.","year":"1974"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2111684"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Current perspectives in mass communication","author":"Chaffee, S. H.","year":"1972"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Advancing communication science: Merging mass and interpersonal processes","author":"Chaffee, S. H.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen, J.","year":"1983","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Foundations of social theory","author":"Coleman, J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ncr.89306"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Elections in cyberspace: Toward a new era in American politics","author":"Corrado, A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584600050178933"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195114843.001.0001","volume-title":"The web of politics: The Internet\u2019s impact on the American political system","author":"Davis, R.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584600050178942"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"What Americans know about politics and why it matters","author":"Delli Carpini, X. M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-618X.1990.tb00451.x"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365001028005001"},{"key":"atypb24","author":"Eveland, W. P., Jr.","journal-title":"Political Communication"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650203253369"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983594"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ncr.89302"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1980.tb01987.x"},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"Mass media and American politics","author":"Graber, D. A.","year":"1993","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb30","first-page":"531","volume":"35","author":"Gregson, K.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the American Society of Information Science Annual Meeting"},{"key":"atypb31","volume-title":"annual convention of the American Association for Public Opinion Research","author":"Groeneman, S."},{"key":"atypb32","volume-title":"Communication and the evolution of society","author":"Habermas, J.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1981.tb00576.x"},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"Cyberpolitics: Citizen activism in the age of the Internet","author":"Hill, K. A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/105846097199371"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511664113"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691214429"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/376947"},{"key":"atypb39","volume-title":"Cybersociety: Computer-mediated communication and community","author":"Jones, S. G.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb40","first-page":"19","volume-title":"The uses of mass communication","author":"Katz, E.","year":"1974"},{"key":"atypb41","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline, R. B.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-4560.00248"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.53.9.1017"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650204271400"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-089X(85)90013-4"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PUCH.0000003735.07840.c7"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365096023002002"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/105846099198659"},{"key":"atypb49","volume-title":"annual convention of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication","author":"McLeod, J. M."},{"key":"atypb50","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Media gratification research: Current perspectives","author":"McQuail, D.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb51","first-page":"327","volume-title":"Handbook of communication science","author":"McQuail, D.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15205436.1999.9677860"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055402004264"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3088437"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055401000223"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00027640121957277"},{"key":"atypb57","volume-title":"Internet and society: A preliminary report","author":"Nie, N.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S104909650004511X"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1081180X98003002001"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674041660"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807763"},{"key":"atypb62","volume-title":"New media technology: Cultural and commercial perspectives","author":"Pavlik, J. V.","year":"1996"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb63","first-page":"303","volume":"1","author":"Price, V.","year":"2002","journal-title":"IT & Society"},{"key":"atypb64","volume-title":"Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy","author":"Putnam, R. D.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.1995.0002"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049096500058856"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/358916.361990"},{"key":"atypb68","volume-title":"annual convention of the American Association for Public Opinion Research","author":"Putnam, R.D."},{"key":"atypb69","volume-title":"The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier","author":"Rheingold, H.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb70","volume-title":"Media gratification research: Current perspectives","author":"Rosengren, K. E.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0162-895X.00114"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/105846001750322952"},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365001028004005"},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584600152400347"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.50.1.625"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08838158709386662"},{"key":"atypb77","volume-title":"Sources of the self: The making of the modern identity","author":"Taylor, C.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb78","volume-title":"Fundamental concepts of sociology","author":"T\u00f6nnies, F.","year":"1940"},{"key":"atypb79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0162-895X.00113"},{"key":"atypb80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1pnc1k7"},{"key":"atypb81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3532.3537"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00027640121957286"},{"key":"atypb83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00377999709603741"},{"key":"atypb84","volume-title":"Democracy in the digital age: Challenges to political life in cyberspace","author":"Wilhelm, A.G.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511818691"},{"key":"atypb86","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Selective exposure to communication","author":"Zillmann, D.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb87","volume-title":"Selective exposure to communication","author":"Zillmann, D.","year":"1985"}],"container-title":["Communication Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650205279209","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650205279209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:03:59Z","timestamp":1777395839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0093650205279209"}},"subtitle":["Modeling Internet Effects on Civic Participation"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0093650205279209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650205279209","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-6502","1552-3810"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-6502","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3810","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}}}