{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:18:03Z","timestamp":1777537083006,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,14]],"date-time":"2008-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1208131200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Communication Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Entertainment was modeled as a nested temporal process using ecological momentary assessments. In natural viewing conditions, participants watched a Super Bowl game on television and answered a brief questionnaire via the Internet at the beginning of commercial breaks. Multilevel data analytic techniques were employed to analyze the longitudinal data from these assessments. After controlling for individual differences, such as gender, fandom, and team support, affect played a critical role. Average positive affect, averaged over the course of the game, and situational positive affect during specific moments in the game had a significant impact on entertainment, suggesting a baseline level of entertainment that is associated with the ritual of watching the event and added situational entertainment that is tied to the events in the game. Interestingly, situational negative affect was also significant and seemed to work in concert with positive affect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650208315965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,7]],"date-time":"2008-05-07T20:47:30Z","timestamp":1210193250000},"page":"398-420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Dynamics of Entertainment and Affect in a Super Bowl Audience"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Prabu","family":"David","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Arlington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"German","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muskingum College"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.4.967"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145030"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01463378109369413"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Bryant, J. & Raney, A.A. (2000). Sports on the screen. In D. Zillmann & P. Vorderer (Eds.), Media entertainment: The psychology of its appeal (pp. 153-174). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019372394018004003"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.1.147"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Data analysis using regression and multilevel\/hierarchical models","author":"Gelman, A.","year":"2007"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2006.00281.x"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410604118"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10714429909368592"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00316.x"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.1047"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00304.x"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164405278558"},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"Raney, A.A. (2003). Disposition-based theories of enjoyment. In J. Bryant, D. Roskos-Ewoldsen, & J. Cantor (Eds.), Communication and emotion: Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp. 61-84). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00319.x"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods","author":"Raudenbush, S.W.","year":"2002","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.110.1.145"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00318.x"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0092706"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1165280"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195152968.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2006.00284.x"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13527260121725"},{"key":"atypb25","unstructured":"Vorderer, P. (2003). Entertainment theory. In J. Bryant, D. Roskos-Ewoldsen, & J. Cantor (Eds.), Communication and emotion: Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp. 131-153). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00321.x"},{"key":"atypb27","first-page":"103","volume":"3","author":"Wann, D.L.","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Sport Management"},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"1","volume":"24","author":"Wann, D.L.","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Journal of Sport Psychology"},{"key":"atypb29","first-page":"207","volume":"25","author":"Wann, D. L., Royalty, J. L., &amp; Rochelle, A. R.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Sport Behavior"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063"},{"key":"atypb31","volume-title":"Dynamic patterns in communication processes","author":"Watt, J.H.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb32","unstructured":"Wenner, L.A. & Gantz, W. (1998). Watching sports on television: Audience, experience, gender, fanship, and marriage. In L. A. Wenner (Ed.), MediaSport (pp. 233-251). London: Routledge."},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2501\/JAR-41-3-7-13"},{"key":"atypb34","unstructured":"Zillmann, D. (1991). Empathy: Affect from bearing witness to the emotion of others. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Responding to the screen: Reception and reaction processes (pp. 135-167). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb35","unstructured":"Zillmann, D. (2003). Theory of affective dynamics. In J. Bryant, D. Roskos-Ewoldsen , & J. Cantor (Eds.), Communication and emotion: Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp. 533-567). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb36","unstructured":"Zillmann, D. & Bryant, J. (1994). Entertainment as media effect. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 437-461). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb37","unstructured":"Zillmann, D., Bryant, J. & Sapolsky, B.S. (1989). Enjoyment from sports spectatorship . In J. H. Goldstein (Ed.), Sports, games, and play: Social and psychological viewpoints (2nd ed., pp. 241-278). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."}],"container-title":["Communication Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650208315965","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650208315965","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:04:34Z","timestamp":1777395874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0093650208315965"}},"subtitle":["A Multilevel Approach"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,14]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0093650208315965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650208315965","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-6502","1552-3810"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-6502","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3810","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,14]]}}}