{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T02:18:53Z","timestamp":1785550733983,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,4]],"date-time":"2008-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217808000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Communication Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This research presents an experiment based on the theory of electronic propinquity, testing how the presence of alternate communication media, media bandwidth, information complexity, and users' communication skills affect propinquity (the psychological feeling of nearness) and satisfaction that communicators experience using different communication channels. Groups communicated using one or two of several different channels, including face-to-face, desktop video, audio, and text-based chat, with channel differences between members in some groups. Predicted effects of bandwidth, information complexity, communication skills, and comparative media availability on propinquity and satisfaction were observed. These findings demonstrate a confound in previous research on propinquity theory, suggest newfound validity, and extend the model to interactive computer-mediated communication channels unanticipated by the original theory. Implications include the potential of electronic propinquity to account for discrepancies in the research on computer-mediated communication that have been generated by other theories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650208321783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,4]],"date-time":"2008-08-04T21:00:03Z","timestamp":1217883603000},"page":"622-645","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Validation and Application of Electronic Propinquity Theory to Computer-Mediated Communication in Groups"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Walther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalya N.","family":"Bazarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson, J.R. & Zmud, R.W. (1994). Channel expansion theory: A dynamic view of media and information richness perceptions. In D. P. Moore (Ed.), Academy of Management: Best papers proceedings 1994 (pp. 280-284). Madison, WI: Omnipress .","DOI":"10.5465\/ambpp.1994.10344817"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/257090"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.12.3.346.10098"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cummings, J., Lee, J. & Kraut, R. (2006). Communication technology and friends during the transition from high school to college. In R. Kraut, M. Brynin, & S. Kiesler (Eds.), Computers, phones, and the Internet: Domesticating information technology (pp. 265-278). New York: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195312805.003.0018"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.32.5.554"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/248682"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203630"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1978.tb00614.x"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637758809376162"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009055267800900114"},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"Kenny, D.A., Kashy, D.A. & Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske , & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 233-265). Boston: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.83.1.126"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365027800500101"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365028100800405"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.5.4.502"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008770106779"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2699.2.4.285"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01462.x"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00309.x"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.3.649"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Social skills inventory manual","author":"Riggio, R.E.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Proceedings of CAS-CON '04","author":"Shami, N.S."},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"The social psychology of telecommunications","author":"Short, J.","year":"1976"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"A user's guide to Spitzberg & colleagues' competence-related measures","author":"Spitzberg, B.H.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2006.00030.x"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Legislative dilemma","author":"Valacich, J.S.","year":"1993"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb27","first-page":"118","volume":"18","author":"ven den Berg, S.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Based Instruction"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365092019001003"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365096023001001"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412976152.n24"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2006.05.002"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2007.00286.x"},{"key":"atypb33","unstructured":"Walther, J.B. & Parks, M.R. (2002). Cues filtered out, cues filtered in: Computer-mediated communication and relationships. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (3rd ed., pp. 529-563). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."}],"container-title":["Communication Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650208321783","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650208321783","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:04:37Z","timestamp":1777395877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0093650208321783"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0093650208321783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650208321783","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-6502","1552-3810"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-6502","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3810","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,4]]}}}