{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T18:34:21Z","timestamp":1785868461871,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,22]],"date-time":"2009-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1232582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Communication Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The warranting principle pertains to impression formation in Internet communication. It posits that perceivers' judgments about a target rely more heavily on information which the targets themselves cannot manipulate than on self-descriptions. Two experiments employed mock-up profiles resembling the Internet site, Facebook, to display self-generated clues and to display other-generated clues about a Facebook user. The first experiment ( N = 115) tested perceptions of extraversion. Although warranting was supported, rival explanations (negativity and additivity) also pertained. The second experiment ( N = 125) tested perceptions of physical attractiveness. Friends' comments overrode self-comments, supporting warranting theory exclusively. Implications concern boundary-setting research for warranting, and potential effects of social comments on a variety of new information forms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650208330251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,28]],"date-time":"2009-01-28T21:10:10Z","timestamp":1233177010000},"page":"229-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":379,"title":["Self-Generated Versus Other-Generated Statements and Impressions in Computer-Mediated Communication"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Walther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Van Der Heide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren M.","family":"Hamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillary C.","family":"Shulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/267991"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Bass & Stogdill's handbook of leadership","author":"Bass, B.M.","year":"1990","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jrpe.2000.2304"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Love online: A report on digital dating in Canada","author":"Brym, R.J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1995.tb00365.x"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"The unspoken dialogue: An introduction to nonverbal communication","author":"Burgoon, J.K.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2001.tb00121.x"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2005.tb03019.x"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:GRUP.0000011942.31158.d8"},{"key":"atypb10","unstructured":"Chaffee, S.H. & Mutz, D.C. (1988). Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data. In R. P. Hawkins, J. M. Wiemann, & S. Pingree. (Eds.), Advancing communication science: Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp. 19-43). Newbury Park, CA: Sage."},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00040-6"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.38.4.668"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"NEO-FFI Form S","author":"Costa, P.T.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"NEO-PI\/FFI manual supplement","author":"Costa, P.T.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2006.00008.x"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.2.197"},{"key":"atypb17","unstructured":"Dion, K.K. (1981). Physical attractiveness, sex roles and heterosexual attraction. In M. Cook (Ed.), The bases of human sexual attraction (pp. 3-22). London: Academic Press."},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dion, K.K. (1986). Stereotyping based on physical attractiveness: Issues and conceptual perspectives. In C. P. Herman, M. P. Zanna, & E. T. Higgins. (Eds.), Physical appearance, stigma, and social behavior: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 3, pp. 7-21). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003308928-1"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033731"},{"key":"atypb20","unstructured":"Donath, J. (1999). Identity and deception in the virtual community . In M. A. Smith & P. Kollock (Eds.), Communities in cyberspace (pp. 29-59). New York: Routledge."},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03634520701236866"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2006.00020.x"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"The Eysenck personality questionnaire-","author":"Eysenck, H.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.38.6.889"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Ethical and legal aspects of human subjects research on the Internet: A report of a workshop June 10-11, 1999","author":"Frankel, M.S.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328031us0301_1"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.61.1.35"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650205285368"},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Gill, A.J."},{"key":"atypb30","first-page":"204","volume":"6","author":"Hamilton, D.L.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Research in Personality"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365001028003004"},{"key":"atypb32","first-page":"130","volume":"6","author":"Hancock, J.T.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings, Conference on Computer Human Interaction"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2786532"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/146144804044331"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, E.E. & Davis, K.E. (1965). From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in person perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 219-266). New York: Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60107-0"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637758409390182"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1989.tb00208.x"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1990.tb00226.x"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167291174009"},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Lampe, C."},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1964.tb01336.x"},{"key":"atypb42","volume-title":"The trend spotter. WIRED, 13.10","author":"Levy, S.","year":"2005"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00599.x"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1974.tb00252.x"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637757409375845"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1983.tb00004.x"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10510970601168699"},{"key":"atypb48","first-page":"213","volume":"28","author":"Ramirez, Jr., A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Communication Research"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-006-4309-2"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/136911899359538"},{"key":"atypb51","volume-title":"Contrast analysis: Focused comparisons in the analysis of variance","author":"Rosenthal, R.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb52","volume-title":"Contrasts and effect sizes in behavioral research: A correlational approach","author":"Rosenthal, R.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb53","unstructured":"Smith, M.A. (1999). Invisible crowds in cyberspace: Mapping the social structure of the Usenet. In M. A. Smith & P. Kollock (Eds.), Communities in cyberspace (pp. 195-219). New York: Routledge."},{"key":"atypb54","volume-title":"The war of desire and technology at the close of the mechanical age","author":"Stone, A.R.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00811.x"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167208318067"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2008.00409.x"},{"key":"atypb58","unstructured":"van Gelder, L. (1991). The strange case of the electronic lover. In C. Dunlop & R. Kling (Eds.), Computerization and controversy: Value conflicts and social choices (pp. 364-375). Boston: Academic Press."},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.87.1.123"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.83.4.586"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511581670"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1994.tb00332.x"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021368426115"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2006.05.002"},{"key":"atypb65","volume-title":"Attraction to computer-mediated social support","author":"Walther, J.B.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb66","unstructured":"Walther, J.B. & Parks, M.R. (2002). Cues filtered out, cues filtered in: Computer-mediated communication and relationships. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (3rd ed., pp. 529-563). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10919399509540258"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X04273036"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2007.00312.x"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410230802229738"},{"key":"atypb71","volume-title":"Decision making in the employment interview","author":"Webster, E.C.","year":"1964"},{"key":"atypb72","unstructured":"Wellman, B. & Gulia, M. (1999). Virtual communities as communities: Net surfers don't ride alone. In M. A. Smith & P. Kollock (Eds.), Communities in cyberspace (pp. 167-194). New York: Routledge ."},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-905-7_14"}],"container-title":["Communication Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650208330251","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650208330251","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:04:44Z","timestamp":1777395884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0093650208330251"}},"subtitle":["A Test of Warranting Theory Using Facebook"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,22]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0093650208330251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650208330251","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-6502","1552-3810"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-6502","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3810","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,22]]}}}