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However, a central limitation of these studies is that all of them utilized correlational methodology and thus do not offer a valid way to infer causality. The current research examined the causal direction in the influence of presumed media influence using experimental methodology. In Study 1, the authors manipulated the perceived influence of watching pornography and measured the effects of this manipulation on support for censorship. In Study 2, perceptions regarding the influence of a news story about an expected shortage in sugar were manipulated indirectly, by manipulating the perceived exposure to the news story, and behavioral intentions resulting from the story were consequently measured. In both studies, results supported the causal direction postulated by the \u201cpresumed influence\u201d hypothesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650210362684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,16]],"date-time":"2010-06-16T22:16:44Z","timestamp":1276726604000},"page":"801-824","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Testing Causal Direction in the Influence of Presumed Media Influence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Nurit","family":"Tal-Or","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel,"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel"}]},{"given":"Yariv","family":"Tsfati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel"}]},{"given":"Albert C.","family":"Gunther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Self versus others: Media, messages, and the third-person effect","author":"Andsager, J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107769909407100202"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"The media in Israel, center and periphery: Coverage of the development towns","author":"Avraham, E.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650207307902"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02650.x"},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Bryant, J. & Zillmann, D. 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