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By applying regulatory focus theory, the authors suggest that an outcome-based fit between the message and the recipient leads to more favorable work outcomes. The results of Experiment 1 show that employees retain greater feelings of psychological empowerment when they receive a written refusal framed in terms that match (versus mismatch) their current regulatory focus. Moreover, data from Experiment 2 demonstrate that employees perceive a written refusal as more fair when it is framed in terms that match (versus mismatch) their activated regulatory focus. However, this effect was not found when an employee\u2019s request was approved, an observation that stresses the importance of regulatory fit in negative managerial communications specifically. Finally, this article discusses management implications for designing successful negative written managerial communications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650211427140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,24]],"date-time":"2011-11-24T21:58:59Z","timestamp":1322171939000},"page":"818-837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Matching the Message"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Marieke L.","family":"Fransen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Claartje L.","family":"ter Hoeven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/321946"},{"key":"bibr2-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.43.1.15"},{"key":"bibr3-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1031(03)00027-1"},{"key":"bibr4-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.43.1.1"},{"key":"bibr5-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/job.283"},{"key":"bibr6-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/209301"},{"key":"bibr7-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-682X.1997.tb00445.x"},{"key":"bibr8-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.26.1.611"},{"key":"bibr9-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/256465"},{"key":"bibr10-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2010.00429.x"},{"key":"bibr11-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02334861"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr12-0093650211427140","first-page":"122","volume":"48","author":"Brockner J.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"key":"bibr13-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.2001.2972"},{"key":"bibr14-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4131456"},{"key":"bibr15-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.3.498"},{"key":"bibr16-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195072853.003.0002"},{"key":"bibr17-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.86.3.388"},{"key":"bibr18-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054"},{"key":"bibr19-0093650211427140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1988.4306983"},{"key":"bibr20-0093650211427140","volume-title":"International review of industrial and organizational psychology","author":"Cropanzano R.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr21-0093650211427140","volume-title":"Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association","author":"Deci E. 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