{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T07:56:25Z","timestamp":1777535785084,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,15]],"date-time":"2011-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1323907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Communication Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The accessibility of attitudes and norms (i.e., how quickly they are activated from memory) has been shown to predict young adult cigarette smoking, but prior work has not examined this effect in young adolescents or with other health risk behaviors. In this study, the accessibility of attitudes and norms was used to predict young adolescent (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 325, age\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 14.97,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .73) self-reported behavior and behavior intention for cigarette smoking, alcohol use, marijuana smoking, and sexual behavior. The accessibility of attitudes and the accessibility of injunctive norms were significantly related to adolescents\u2019 health risk behavior. When controlling for current behavior, the accessibility of attitudes and of family norms were significantly related to intent to engage in these behaviors in the future. In contrast, the accessibility of peer norms was only related to reports of current behavior, not future behavior intention. This finding replicates across four behaviors when controlling for age, gender, and race, and provides strong evidence that the accessibility of relevant attitudes and social norms are important factors in young adolescent risk behavior. Implications for communication interventions to reduce teen health risk behavior are discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650211429118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,15]],"date-time":"2011-12-15T23:35:09Z","timestamp":1323992109000},"page":"3-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Accessibility of Family and Peer Norms in Young Adolescent Risk Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Nancy","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University-Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Ewoldsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"}]},{"given":"Lijiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Monahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}]},{"given":"Cassie","family":"Eno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waldorf College, Forest City, IA, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/XD56-D6WR-7195-EAL3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","volume-title":"Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior","author":"Ajzen I.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ajzen I., Fishbein M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.127.1.142"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","first-page":"351","volume-title":"Communication and social cognition: Theories and methods","author":"Arpan L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arpan L., Rhodes N., Roskos-Ewoldsen D. R. (2007). Attitude accessibility: Theory, methods, and future directions. In Roskos-Ewoldsen D. R., Monahan J. (Eds.), Communication and social cognition: Theories and methods (pp. 351-376). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Groups, leadership and men; research in human relations","author":"Asch S.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Asch S. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. Groups, leadership and men; research in human relations (pp. 177-190). Oxford, UK: Carnegie Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-005-0014-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(01)00194-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2003.64.331"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(99)00113-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701488400"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.09.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1532-7795.00025"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). 1991-2009 High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey data. Retrieved from http:\/\/apps.nccd.cdc.gov\/youthonline"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.22.3.327"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.6.819"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60330-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","first-page":"151","volume-title":"The handbook of social psychology","author":"Cialdini R. B.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cialdini R. B., Trost M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. In Gilbert D. T., Fiske S. T., Lindzey G., Gilbert D. T., Fiske S. T., Lindzey G. (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vols. 1 & 2, 4th ed., pp. 151-192). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537352"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Health risks and developmental transitions during adolescence","author":"Crockett L. J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Crockett L. J. (1997). Cultural, historical, and subcultural contexts of adolescence: Implications for health and development. In Schulenberg J., Maggs J. L., Hurrelmann K., Schulenberg J., Maggs J. L., Hurrelmann K. (Eds.), Health risks and developmental transitions during adolescence (pp. 23-53). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/092970490911261"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","first-page":"391","volume-title":"Adolescent health: Understanding and preventing risk behaviors","author":"Davies S. L.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Davies S. L., Crosby R. A., Diclemente R. J. (2009). Family influences on adolescent health. In DiClemente R. J., Santelli J. S., Crosby R. A., DiClemente R. J., Santelli J. S., Crosby R. A. (Eds.), Adolescent health: Understanding and preventing risk behaviors (pp. 391-410). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.868"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897070902802059"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services. (1994). Preventing tobacco use among young people: A report of the Surgeon General. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53(RR-4). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/PDF\/rr\/rr4304.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services. (2010 June). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance\u2014United States 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 59(SS-5) 1-141. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/pdf\/ss\/ss5905.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046408"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(03)00116-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(81)90048-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","first-page":"204","volume-title":"The handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior","author":"Fazio R. H.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fazio R. H. (1986). How do attitudes guide behavior? In Sorrentino R. H., Higgins E. T. (Eds.), The handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 204-243). New York, NY: Guilford."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60318-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","volume-title":"Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior","author":"Fishbein M.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Fishbein M., Ajzen I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ct\/13.2.164"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1998.0380"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/004017005000000517"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2010.522222"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","volume-title":"Balancing Work and Family: Problems and Solutions for Low-Income Families","author":"Hawkins D. N.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hawkins D. N., Whiteman S. D. (2004). Balancing Work and Family: Problems and Solutions for Low-Income Families (Crouter A., Booth A., Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/585623"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.11349"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021470"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511571138.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2003.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2006.00281.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2003.64.829"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09654281011038831"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1874.2008.tb00040.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006886"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_1","first-page":"522","volume-title":"Health risks and developmental transitions during adolescence","author":"Maggs J. L.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Maggs J. L., Schulenberg J., Hurrelmann K. (1997). Developmental transitions during adolescence: Health promotion implications. In Schulenberg J., Maggs J. L., Hurrelmann K., Schulenberg J., Maggs J. L., Hurrelmann K. (Eds.), Health risks and developmental transitions during adolescence (pp. 522-546). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2004.65.489"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013043"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures","author":"Olson M. A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Olson M. A., Fazio R. H. (2009). Implicit and explicit measures of attitudes: The perspective of the MODE model. In Petty R. E., Fazio R. H., Bri\u00f1ol P. (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (pp. 19-63). New York, NY: Psychology Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2010.546481"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_1","first-page":"164","article-title":"Social norms and the prevention of alcohol misuse in collegiate contexts","author":"Perkins H. W.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Perkins H. W. (2002). Social norms and the prevention of alcohol misuse in collegiate contexts. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, (Suppl. 14), 164-172.","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.880"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_1","first-page":"894","article-title":"From willingness to intention: Experience moderates shift from reactive to reasoned behavior","volume":"35","author":"Pomery E. A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pomery E. A., Gibbons F. X., Reis-Bergan M., Gerrard M. (2009). From willingness to intention: Experience moderates shift from reactive to reasoned behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 35, 894-908","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.64.2.243"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/26.5.287"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_1","volume-title":"Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata","author":"Rabe-Hesketh S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rabe-Hesketh S., Skrondal A. (2008). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.64.1.104"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-1006.2006.00026.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2009.00529.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S224","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.3(Suppl.).S224","article-title":"Attitude and norm accessibility affect processing of antismoking messages","volume":"27","author":"Rhodes N.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rhodes N., Roskos-Ewoldsen D. R., Edison A., Bradford M. B. (2008). Attitude and norm accessibility affect processing of antismoking messages. Health Psychology, 27, S224-S232.","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410230801967791"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2003.tb00288.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/135910705X7032"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23808985.1997.11678942"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.2001.1492"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.2.198"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0363452042000228559"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687630410001712681"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_76_1","volume-title":"Affect and cognition: The 17th Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition","author":"Scheier M. F.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Scheier M. F., Carver C. S. (1982). Cognition, affect, and self-regulation. In Clark M. S., Fiske S. T. (Eds.), Affect and cognition: The 17th Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00283-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650208326466"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2003.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0402_01"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_81_1","first-page":"95","volume-title":"The psychology of attitudes and attitude change","author":"Spencer S. J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spencer S. J., Peach J., Yoshida E., Zanna M. P. (2010). Learning what most people like: How implicit attitudes and normative evaluations shape prejudice and stereotype threat and are shaped by social identity protection and culture. In Forgas J. P., Cooper J., Crano W. D., Forgas J. P., Cooper J., Crano W. D. (Eds.), The psychology of attitudes and attitude change (pp. 95-108). New York, NY: Psychology Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078390307311770"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167296228005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2003.64.484"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/153248302753674604."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2010.521563"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2006.00002.x"}],"container-title":["Communication Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650211429118","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0093650211429118","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650211429118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:00:30Z","timestamp":1777395630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0093650211429118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,15]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0093650211429118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650211429118","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-6502","1552-3810"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-6502","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3810","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,15]]}}}