{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:58:33Z","timestamp":1760061513968,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,5]],"date-time":"2012-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Communication Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This experiment investigates effects of communication interface proximity, which was conceptualized as three different media platforms (desktop, laptop, and hand-held device), on college students\u2019 anxiety when receiving emergency alerts about on-campus crimes via emails and text messages. It proposes a new dimension of proximity, interface proximity, and suggests a shift in the emphasis of proximity from audience to event to user to interface. Ninety seven students received alerts on one of the three devices for 2 days. User anxiety increased for news-like information such as crime alerts and varied according to the proximity of the media platform. A three-level model of anxiety, including trait anxiety, media exposure to negative compelling news, and a trigger event, all contributed to participants\u2019 anxiety. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650212448670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,6]],"date-time":"2012-06-06T00:55:50Z","timestamp":1338944150000},"page":"375-403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Effects of Communication Interface Proximity on User Anxiety for Crime Alerts Received on Desktop, Laptop, and Hand-Held Devices"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Newhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0093650212448670","unstructured":"A killer in Blacksburg [Editorial]. (2007, April 17). The Washington Post. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/"},{"volume-title":"Liveness: Performance in a mediated culture","year":"1999","author":"Auslander P.","key":"bibr2-0093650212448670"},{"volume-title":"Social learning theory","year":"1977","author":"Bandura A.","key":"bibr3-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr4-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780585383590"},{"key":"bibr5-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.11.1247"},{"volume-title":"The control revolution: Technological and economic origins of the information society","year":"1986","author":"Beniger J.","key":"bibr6-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr7-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420240104"},{"key":"bibr8-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.18.2.379"},{"key":"bibr9-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916.94.90063.9"},{"key":"bibr10-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107769909707400411"},{"key":"bibr11-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365093020001005"},{"key":"bibr12-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1081180X03256801"},{"key":"bibr13-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-196210000-00013"},{"key":"bibr14-0093650212448670","unstructured":"Choney S. (2010, April 16). Campus alerts go beyond text messaging. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.msnbc.com"},{"key":"bibr15-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.103.1.103"},{"key":"bibr16-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2841467"},{"key":"bibr17-0093650212448670","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Developmental psychology: An advanced textbook","author":"Dixon R.","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr18-0093650212448670","first-page":"48","volume":"195","author":"Dysart J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"American School Board Journal"},{"key":"bibr19-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024619"},{"key":"bibr20-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1291233.1291428"},{"key":"bibr21-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(56)90010-5"},{"volume-title":"Anxiety: The cognitive perspective","year":"1992","author":"Eysenck M.","key":"bibr22-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr23-0093650212448670","unstructured":"FBI. (2010). Crimes in the United States. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/about-us\/cjis\/ucr\/crime-in-the-u.s\/2010\/crime-in-the-u.s.2010\/violent-crime"},{"key":"bibr24-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00036810500206966"},{"volume-title":"The ego and the id","year":"1923","author":"Freud S.","key":"bibr25-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr26-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.43.5.349"},{"key":"bibr27-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxi003"},{"key":"bibr28-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900019441"},{"volume-title":"Professional news writing","year":"1990","author":"Garrison B.","key":"bibr29-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr30-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01303.x"},{"key":"bibr31-0093650212448670","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Television and political advertising","author":"Geiger S.","year":"1991"},{"volume-title":"Getting the whole story: Reporting and writing the news","year":"2002","author":"Gibbs C.","key":"bibr32-0093650212448670"},{"volume-title":"The ecological approach to visual perception","year":"1979","author":"Gibson J.","key":"bibr33-0093650212448670"},{"volume-title":"Spook country","year":"2007","author":"Gibson W.","key":"bibr34-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr35-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650206291479"},{"key":"bibr36-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365000027001001"},{"key":"bibr37-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2002169.2001277"},{"key":"bibr38-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-3131-0.50010-X"},{"volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association Annual Meeting","year":"2006","author":"Gross K.","key":"bibr39-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr40-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/513665.513668"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr41-0093650212448670","first-page":"67","volume":"3","author":"Hanley B.","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Mobile Marketing"},{"key":"bibr42-0093650212448670","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis with readings","author":"Hair J.","year":"1995","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr43-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0041823"},{"key":"bibr44-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.1.109"},{"volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International communication Association","year":"2003","author":"Helena B.","key":"bibr45-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr46-0093650212448670","unstructured":"Hepburn A. (2011, January 18). Facebook statistics, stats & facts for 2011. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.digitalbuzzblog.com\/facebook-statistics-stats-facts-2011\/"},{"key":"bibr47-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2006.00023.x"},{"key":"bibr48-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650210368256"},{"key":"bibr49-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1997.tb02622.x"},{"key":"bibr50-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBIS.2005.007400"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr51-0093650212448670","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","volume":"5","author":"Kakihara M.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr52-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-01516-8_27"},{"key":"bibr53-0093650212448670","first-page":"21","volume-title":"The uses and mass communications: Current perspectives on gratification research","author":"Katz E.","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr54-0093650212448670","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Planet Internet","author":"Kristoffersen S.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr55-0093650212448670","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Anxiety and the anxiety disorder","volume":"3","author":"Lang P.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr56-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15506878jobem4704_11"},{"key":"bibr57-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532785xmep0804_3"},{"key":"bibr58-0093650212448670","first-page":"25","volume":"13","author":"Larsen R.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Review of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"bibr59-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195069945.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr60-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00302.x"},{"key":"bibr61-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/1054746041944830"},{"key":"bibr62-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532785XMEP0701_2"},{"volume-title":"The psychology of anxiety","year":"1980","author":"Levitt E.","key":"bibr63-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr64-0093650212448670","unstructured":"Lombard M. (2000, July 11). Resources for the study of presence: Presence explication. Retrieved from http:\/\/nimbus.temple.edu\/~mlombard\/Presence\/explicat.htm"},{"key":"bibr65-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombard M., Ditton T. (1997). At the heart of it all: The concept of presence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(2). Retrieved from http:\/\/jcmc.indiana.edu\/vol3\/issue2\/lombard.html","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x"},{"key":"bibr66-0093650212448670","unstructured":"Long C. (2009, January 17). OMG!: Text messaging an important part of response. Associated Press Online. Retrieved from http:\/\/abclocal.go.com\/kfsn\/story?section=news\/national_world&id=6610353"},{"key":"bibr67-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2012.6117828"},{"key":"bibr68-0093650212448670","unstructured":"Markoff J. (2007, January 8). A personal computer to carry in a pocket. The New York Times. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nytimes.com"},{"key":"bibr69-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.62.4.304"},{"volume-title":"Understanding media: The extensions of man","year":"1994","author":"McLuhan M.","key":"bibr70-0093650212448670"},{"volume-title":"Social learning and imitation","year":"1941","author":"Miller N.","key":"bibr71-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr72-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260701300915"},{"key":"bibr73-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107769909206900420"},{"key":"bibr74-0093650212448670","unstructured":"Mozes A. (2012, January 19). Your Smartphone may be stressing you out. Retrieved from http:\/\/healthfinder.gov\/news\/newsstory.aspx?docID=660651"},{"key":"bibr75-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637750216541"},{"key":"bibr76-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650202250881"},{"key":"bibr77-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00153"},{"key":"bibr78-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024791"},{"key":"bibr79-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08838159809364448"},{"key":"bibr80-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hcr\/26.1.99"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr81-0093650212448670","first-page":"49","volume":"19","author":"Newhagen J.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mass Communication Review"},{"key":"bibr82-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00776.x"},{"key":"bibr83-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(75)90004-3"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr84-0093650212448670","first-page":"32","volume":"40","author":"Novotney A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Monitor on Psychology"},{"key":"bibr85-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.3.3.391"},{"key":"bibr86-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10510970903260335"},{"key":"bibr87-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984898"},{"key":"bibr88-0093650212448670","unstructured":"Pew Research Center\u2019s Internet & American Life Project. (2010, March 1). Understanding the participatory news consumer. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/Reports\/2010\/Online-News.aspx?r=1"},{"volume-title":"Approaches to emotion","year":"1984","author":"Plutchik R.","key":"bibr89-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr90-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532785XMEP0202_3"},{"key":"bibr91-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-008-9061-7"},{"volume-title":"The media equation: How people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places","year":"1996","author":"Reeves B.","key":"bibr92-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr93-0093650212448670","unstructured":"Richtel M. (2010, August 24). Digital devices deprive brain of needed downtime. The New York Times. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nytimes.com"},{"key":"bibr94-0093650212448670","unstructured":"Rowland K. (2008, April 16). Tech send an alert to all U.S. colleges: Text, phone warnings adopted. The Washington Times. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.washingtontimes.com"},{"key":"bibr95-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637759309376300"},{"key":"bibr96-0093650212448670","first-page":"525","volume-title":"Media effects: Advances in theory and research","author":"Rubin A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr97-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15295038509360060"},{"key":"bibr98-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/98.943998"},{"key":"bibr99-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.1.120"},{"key":"bibr100-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532785xmep0601_4"},{"key":"bibr101-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4201.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr102-0093650212448670","volume-title":"Designing the user interface: Strategies for effective human-computer interaction","author":"Shneiderman B.","year":"2004","edition":"4"},{"volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication","year":"1985","author":"Shoemaker P.","key":"bibr103-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr104-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01487.x"},{"key":"bibr105-0093650212448670","unstructured":"Shoemaker P., Lee J., Han G., Cohen A. (2007). Proximity and scope as news values. In Devereux E. (Ed.), Media studies: Key issues and debates (pp. 231-248). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."},{"key":"bibr106-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-3131-0.50006-8"},{"key":"bibr107-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-657401-2.50008-3"},{"volume-title":"Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory","year":"1970","author":"Spielberger C.","key":"bibr108-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr109-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-004-0263-1"},{"key":"bibr110-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0267323107076770"},{"key":"bibr111-0093650212448670","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Information appliances and beyond: Interaction design for consumer products","author":"V\u00e4n\u00e4nen-Vaino-Mattila K.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr112-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1562764.1562796"},{"key":"bibr113-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0991-94"},{"key":"bibr114-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.237456"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr115-0093650212448670","first-page":"7","volume":"1","author":"Weiser M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"PowerGrid Journal"},{"key":"bibr116-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0879(199905)6:2<86::AID-CPP189>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"volume-title":"Mass media research: An introduction","year":"2006","author":"Wimmer R.","key":"bibr117-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr118-0093650212448670","volume-title":"Statistical principles in experimental design","author":"Winer B.","year":"1991","edition":"3"},{"volume-title":"Human memory: An introduction to research and theory","year":"1982","author":"Zechmeister E.","key":"bibr119-0093650212448670"},{"key":"bibr120-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMC.2007.011492"},{"key":"bibr121-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532785xmep0603_1"},{"key":"bibr122-0093650212448670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532785xmep0103_2"}],"container-title":["Communication Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650212448670","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0093650212448670","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650212448670","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T13:19:35Z","timestamp":1740748775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0093650212448670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,5]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0093650212448670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650212448670","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-6502","1552-3810"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0093-6502"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1552-3810"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,5]]}}}