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While this \u201cconversational ideal\u201d is easily achieved in face-to-face and computer-mediated communications (CMC), imbuing contingency in human-computer interaction (HCI) is a challenge. We propose two interface features\u2014interaction history and synchronous chat\u2014for increasing perceptions of contingency, and therefore user engagement. We test it with a five-condition, between-participants experiment ( N = 110) on a movie search site. Data suggest that interaction history can indeed heighten perceptions of contingency and dialogue, but is perceived as less interactive than chatting. However, the chat function does not appreciably increase perceived contingency or user engagement, both of which are shown to mediate the effects of message interactivity on attitudes toward the site. Theoretical implications for interactivity research and practical implications for interaction design are discussed. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650214534962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T03:49:09Z","timestamp":1400816949000},"page":"595-625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":259,"title":["Theoretical Importance of Contingency in Human-Computer Interaction"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"S. Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"},{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea"}]},{"given":"Saraswathi","family":"Bellur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA"}]},{"given":"Jeeyun","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Morris University, Moon Township, PA, USA"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}]},{"given":"Hyang-Sook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Norbert College, De Pere, WI, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0093650214534962","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3250951"},{"key":"bibr2-0093650214534962","volume-title":"Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association","author":"Ahern R. 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