{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T16:34:59Z","timestamp":1771000499538,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]],"date-time":"2014-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Communication Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In interpersonal communication, stereotypes are predominantly transmitted through language. Linguistic bias theory presupposes that speakers systematically vary their language when communicating stereotype-consistent and stereotype-inconsistent information. We investigate whether these findings can be extended to verbal irony use. The irony bias posits that irony is more appropriate to communicate stereotype-inconsistent than stereotype-consistent information. Three experiments support this hypothesis by showing that irony is found more appropriate (Experiments 1-2) and used more often (Experiment 3) in stereotype-inconsistent than in stereotype-consistent situations. Furthermore, linguistic biases have important communicative consequences, because they implicitly serve to maintain stereotypic expectancies. Experiment 4 shows that irony shares this characteristic with other linguistic biases, in that irony\u2014compared to literal language\u2014leads to more external attribution. Taken together, these results indicate that stereotypic expectancies are subtly revealed and confirmed by verbal irony, and that verbal irony plays an important role in stereotype communication and maintenance. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650214534975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,17]],"date-time":"2014-05-17T05:55:59Z","timestamp":1400306159000},"page":"414-441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Stereotype Transmission and Maintenance Through Interpersonal Communication"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Burgers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Camiel J.","family":"Beukeboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926488.2012.691750"},{"key":"bibr2-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.2012.711380"},{"key":"bibr3-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2012.08.001"},{"key":"bibr4-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-2166(99)00070-3"},{"key":"bibr5-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173"},{"key":"bibr6-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2012.01676.x"},{"key":"bibr7-0093650214534975","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Social cognition and communication","author":"Beukeboom C. J.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr8-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020861"},{"key":"bibr9-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1995.1003"},{"key":"bibr10-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.021"},{"key":"bibr11-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511813085"},{"key":"bibr12-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01638530903531972"},{"key":"bibr13-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926488.2011.583194"},{"key":"bibr14-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2011.11.003"},{"key":"bibr15-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X12446611"},{"key":"bibr16-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327868ms1001_2"},{"key":"bibr17-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-2166(99)00005-3"},{"key":"bibr18-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.158"},{"key":"bibr19-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000014"},{"key":"bibr20-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926488.2000.9678862"},{"key":"bibr21-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2011.11.001"},{"key":"bibr22-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01638539509544916"},{"key":"bibr23-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327868MS1404_1"},{"key":"bibr24-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326950dp4302_3"},{"key":"bibr25-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327868ms1302_1"},{"key":"bibr26-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532785XMEP0701_5"},{"key":"bibr27-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X04269587"},{"key":"bibr28-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X09359520"},{"key":"bibr29-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1988.tb00174.x"},{"key":"bibr30-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.6.2.115"},{"key":"bibr31-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cogl.2005.16.3.513"},{"key":"bibr32-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.5.885"},{"key":"bibr33-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3149\/jms.1302.225"},{"key":"bibr34-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02627X02021002002"},{"key":"bibr35-0093650214534975","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Empirical Approaches to Literature and Aesthetics","author":"Kreuz R. J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr36-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.124.1.3"},{"key":"bibr37-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2007.00310.x"},{"key":"bibr38-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.72.2.275"},{"key":"bibr39-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60272-5"},{"key":"bibr40-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.71.3.512"},{"key":"bibr41-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.68.1.116"},{"key":"bibr42-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.6.981"},{"key":"bibr43-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2011.01587.x"},{"key":"bibr44-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326950dp4101_2"},{"key":"bibr45-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2003.07.008"},{"key":"bibr46-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.5.711"},{"key":"bibr47-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2007.04.009"},{"key":"bibr48-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327868ms1902_3"},{"key":"bibr49-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650210384854"},{"key":"bibr50-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260701283244"},{"key":"bibr51-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12000"},{"key":"bibr52-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X12466083"},{"key":"bibr53-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2012.01672.x"},{"key":"bibr54-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1996.tb00372.x"},{"key":"bibr55-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1031(02)00512-7"},{"key":"bibr56-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.4.558"},{"key":"bibr57-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2013.768726"},{"key":"bibr58-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957926500011004005"},{"key":"bibr59-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.046"},{"key":"bibr60-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-2166(99)00116-2"},{"key":"bibr61-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1997.1332"},{"key":"bibr62-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-012-9392-5"},{"key":"bibr63-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X02021001003"},{"key":"bibr64-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.504"},{"key":"bibr65-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X09335253"},{"key":"bibr66-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.3.470"},{"key":"bibr67-0093650214534975","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Social communication","author":"Wigboldus D. H. J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr68-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.1.5"},{"key":"bibr69-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.323"},{"key":"bibr70-0093650214534975","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430205053939"},{"key":"bibr71-0093650214534975","first-page":"607","volume-title":"The handbook of pragmatics","author":"Wilson D.","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Communication Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650214534975","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0093650214534975","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650214534975","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T04:05:21Z","timestamp":1740888321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0093650214534975"}},"subtitle":["The Irony Bias"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0093650214534975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650214534975","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-6502","1552-3810"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-6502","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3810","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]]}}}