{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T08:37:47Z","timestamp":1781426267489,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]],"date-time":"2016-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Communication Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The digital traces of U.S. members of congress on Twitter enable researchers to observe how these public officials interact with one another in a direct and unobtrusive manner. Using data from Twitter and other sources (e.g., roll-call vote data), this study aims to examine how members of congress connect and communicate with one another on Twitter, why they will connect and communicate with one another in such a way, and what effects such connection and communication among members of congress have on their floor vote behavior. The follower-followee and communication networks of members of congress on Twitter demonstrate a high degree of partisan homogeneity. Members of congress prefer to follow or communicate with other members who are similar to them in terms of partisanship, home state, chamber, and public concern. This condition is known as the homophily effect in social network research. However, the magnitude of the homophily effect is mitigated when the effects of endogenous networking mechanisms (i.e., reciprocity and triadic closure) in such networks are controlled. Follower-followee ties can facilitate political discourse among members of congress on Twitter, whereas both follower-followee and communication ties on Twitter increase the likelihood of vote agreement among members of congress. The theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the findings are addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650214559601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,4]],"date-time":"2014-12-04T22:36:18Z","timestamp":1417732578000},"page":"996-1024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Follower-Followee Network, Communication Networks, and Vote Agreement of the U.S. Members of Congress"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Tai-Quan","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengchen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingcai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shixia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamic L., Glance N. (2005). The political blogosphere and the 2004 U.S. election: Divided they blog. Retrieved from http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=1134277","DOI":"10.1145\/1134271.1134277"},{"key":"bibr2-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2004.11.008"},{"key":"bibr3-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165821"},{"key":"bibr4-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-9162.2011.00021.x"},{"key":"bibr5-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2130779"},{"key":"bibr6-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2508.2004.00149.x"},{"key":"bibr7-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v4i1.14033","volume":"10","author":"Cha M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International AAAI Conference on Weblog and Social Media"},{"key":"bibr8-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002238160999051X"},{"key":"bibr9-0093650214559601","unstructured":"Congressional Management Foundation. (2005). Communicating with Congress: How Capitol Hill is coping with the surge in citizen advocacy. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.congressfoundation.org\/storage\/documents\/CMF_Pubs\/cwc_capitolhillcoping.pdf"},{"key":"bibr10-0093650214559601","unstructured":"Congressional Management Foundation. (2008). Communicating with Congress: Recommendations for improving the democratic dialogue. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.congressfoundation.org\/storage\/documents\/CMF_Pubs\/cwc_recommendationsreport.pdf"},{"key":"bibr11-0093650214559601","unstructured":"Congressional Management Foundation. (2011). Communicating with Congress: How citizen advocacy is changing mail operations on Capitol Hill. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.congressfoundation.org\/storage\/documents\/CMF_Pubs\/cwc-mail-operations.pdf"},{"key":"bibr12-0093650214559601","unstructured":"Congressional Management Foundation. (2013a). Life in Congress: Job satisfaction and engagement of house and senate staff. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.congressfoundation.org\/storage\/documents\/CMF_Pubs\/life-in-congress-job-satisfaction-engagement.pdf"},{"key":"bibr13-0093650214559601","unstructured":"Congressional Management Foundation. (2013b). Life in Congress: The member perspective. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.congressfoundation.org\/storage\/documents\/CMF_Pubs\/life-in-congress-the-member-perspective.pdf"},{"key":"bibr14-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds6"},{"key":"bibr15-0093650214559601","first-page":"89","volume":"11","author":"Conover M. D.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International AAAI Conference on Weblog and Social Media"},{"key":"bibr16-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpq037"},{"key":"bibr17-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Kerchove C., Van Dooren P. (2008). The PageTrust algorithm: How to rank web pages when negative links are allowed? Proceedings of the 2008 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, 346-352. Retrieved from http:\/\/epubs.siam.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1137\/1.9781611972788.31","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611972788.31"},{"key":"bibr18-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511761942"},{"key":"bibr19-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/227352"},{"key":"bibr20-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpl002"},{"key":"bibr21-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2005.11.003"},{"key":"bibr22-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1532673X10396310"},{"key":"bibr23-0093650214559601","unstructured":"Gallup. (2013). Gallup poll social series: Health and healthcare. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.gallup.com\/file\/poll\/165824\/Congress_Approval_131112.pdf"},{"key":"bibr24-0093650214559601","unstructured":"Glassman M., Straus J. R., Shogan C. J. (2013). Social networking and constituent communications: Members\u2019 use of Twitter and Facebook during a two-month period in the 112th Congress. Retrieved from http:\/\/fas.org\/sgp\/crs\/misc\/R43018.pdf"},{"key":"bibr25-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21344"},{"key":"bibr26-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-905-7_3"},{"key":"bibr27-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00620"},{"key":"bibr28-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2006.08.001"},{"key":"bibr29-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v024.i09"},{"key":"bibr30-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.0.0045"},{"key":"bibr31-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1962767"},{"key":"bibr32-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2012.11.003"},{"key":"bibr33-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1946.9917275"},{"key":"bibr34-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08838151.2013.875017"},{"key":"bibr35-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12001"},{"key":"bibr36-0093650214559601","volume-title":"Social behavior: Its elementary forms","author":"Homans G. C.","year":"1961"},{"key":"bibr37-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huberman B., Romero D. M., Wu F. (2009). Social networks that matter: Twitter under the microscope. First Monday, 14. Retrieved from http:\/\/firstmonday.org\/article\/view\/2317\/2063","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v14i1.2317"},{"key":"bibr38-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214507000000446"},{"key":"bibr39-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2126007"},{"key":"bibr40-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979105"},{"key":"bibr41-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/68.4.1041"},{"key":"bibr42-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116869"},{"key":"bibr43-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/599247"},{"key":"bibr44-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(87)90012-8"},{"key":"bibr45-0093650214559601","first-page":"216","volume-title":"Networks and organizations: Structure, form, and action","author":"Krackhardt D.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr46-0093650214559601","volume-title":"Hitching a ride: Omnibus legislating in the US Congress","author":"Krutz G. S.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr47-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwak H., Lee C., Park H., Moon S. (2010, April). What is Twitter, a social network or a news media? Paper presented at the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web, Raleigh, NC. Retrieved from http:\/\/an.kaist.ac.kr\/~haewoon\/papers\/2010-www-twitter.pdf","DOI":"10.1145\/1772690.1772751"},{"key":"bibr48-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/973247"},{"key":"bibr49-0093650214559601","unstructured":"Lee D. (2012). Turnover in the House: Who keeps\u2014and who loses\u2014the most staff. Retrieved from http:\/\/sunlightfoundation.com\/blog\/2012\/02\/06\/turnover-in-the-house\/"},{"key":"bibr50-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153244000400400103"},{"key":"bibr51-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1952075"},{"key":"bibr52-0093650214559601","first-page":"97","volume-title":"The social anthropology of complex societies","author":"Mayer A. C.","year":"1966"},{"key":"bibr53-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.415"},{"key":"bibr54-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338954"},{"key":"bibr55-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/506415"},{"key":"bibr56-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.89.208701"},{"key":"bibr57-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.67.026126"},{"key":"bibr58-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/S003614450342480"},{"key":"bibr59-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122413486800"},{"key":"bibr60-0093650214559601","volume-title":"Politics and the Twitter revolution: How Tweets influence the relationship between political leaders and the public","author":"Parmelee J. H.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr61-0093650214559601","unstructured":"Pei L. (2013). A network theory study of roll call votes in the United States Congress. Retrieved from https:\/\/people.maths.ox.ac.uk\/~porterm\/research\/ye_finalreport3.pdf"},{"key":"bibr62-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2111445"},{"key":"bibr63-0093650214559601","unstructured":"Poole K. T., Rosenthal H. (2014). The polarization of the congressional parties. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.voteview.com\/political_polarization.asp"},{"key":"bibr64-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2007.07.039"},{"key":"bibr65-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500191102"},{"key":"bibr66-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.4058730"},{"key":"bibr67-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.34.040507.134743"},{"key":"bibr68-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2006.08.002"},{"key":"bibr69-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2006.08.003"},{"key":"bibr70-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024275"},{"key":"bibr71-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2960489"},{"key":"bibr72-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1961372"},{"key":"bibr73-0093650214559601","unstructured":"Smith M. A., Rainie L., Shneiderman B., Himelboim I. (2014). Mapping Twitter topic networks: From polarized crowds to community clusters. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/2014\/02\/20\/mapping-twitter-topic-networks-from-polarized-crowds-to-community-clusters\/"},{"key":"bibr74-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2006.00176.x"},{"key":"bibr75-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2117472"},{"key":"bibr76-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004008107"},{"key":"bibr77-0093650214559601","volume-title":"The decline of comity in Congress","author":"Uslaner E. M.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr78-0093650214559601","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Esteemed colleagues: Civility and deliberation in the senate","author":"Uslaner E. M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr79-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/30918"},{"key":"bibr80-0093650214559601","unstructured":"Waugh A. S., Pei L., Fowler J. H., Mucha P. J., Porter M. A. (2009). Party polarization in congress: A social networks approach.\n                      arXiv preprint arXiv:0907.3509\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/jhfowler.ucsd.edu\/party_polarization_in_congress.pdf"},{"key":"bibr81-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/653658"},{"key":"bibr82-0093650214559601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang J., Leskovec J. (2011, February). Patterns of temporal variation in online media. Paper presented at the fourth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, Hong Kong. Retrieved from http:\/\/cs.stanford.edu\/people\/jure\/pubs\/memeshapes-wsdm11.pdf","DOI":"10.1145\/1935826.1935863"}],"container-title":["Communication Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650214559601","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0093650214559601","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650214559601","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:01:03Z","timestamp":1777395663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0093650214559601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0093650214559601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650214559601","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-6502","1552-3810"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-6502","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3810","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]]}}}