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Young adults ( N = 435) were randomly assigned to a cigarette package featuring a graphic image or a package featuring no image. Utilizing both structural equation modeling and multivariate analyses, the results indicate that graphic warning labels are associated with freedom threat perceptions directly and reactance indirectly. In addition, exposure to graphic cigarette warning labels resulted in higher freedom threat perceptions, negative cognitions, and source domineeringness. Our results are considered with an emphasis on the theoretical and practical implications for policy makers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650215609669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,19]],"date-time":"2015-10-19T19:58:32Z","timestamp":1445284712000},"page":"416-436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Are Graphic Cigarette Warning Labels an Effective Message Strategy? 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