{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:49:55Z","timestamp":1784162995028,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]],"date-time":"2016-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Communication Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The study tested (a) the extent to which an inverted-U pattern of fear response predicted persuasion, (b) the degree to which the fear curve mediated the effects of the four components of threat appeals on persuasion, (c) the correspondence between the static measures of fear used in between-subjects designs and the dynamic indices required by the within-subject approach, and (d) the methodological threats inherent to dynamic designs. Participants (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 418) read a message that advocated for colorectal cancer screening. Results showed that the inverted-U fear curve predicted intention to obtain a colonoscopy, and that susceptibility and response efficacy exerted their influence on persuasion via the fear curve while severity and self-efficacy did not. The static measure of fear showed poor absolute correspondence with the peak and end indices of dynamic fear, but strong pattern correspondence. Hazards to inference posed by dynamic designs of the type used in this study appear negligible.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650216631097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]],"date-time":"2016-02-24T22:14:58Z","timestamp":1456352098000},"page":"997-1018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Fear Responses to Threat Appeals: Functional Form, Methodological Considerations, and Correspondence Between Static and Dynamic Data"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"James Price","family":"Dillard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruobing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Meczkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia, Athens, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-t"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10852352.2010.509019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3151860"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","volume-title":"Latent curve models: A structural equation perspective","author":"Bollen K. A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bollen K. A., Curran P. J. (2006). Latent curve models: A structural equation perspective. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23808985.1984.11678581"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","volume-title":"Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research","author":"Campbell D. T.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Campbell D. T., Stanley J. C. (1966). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. (n.d.-a). Colorectal cancer screening guidelines. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cancer\/colorectal\/basic_info\/screening\/guidelines.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. (n.d.-b). Colorectal cancer screening rates remain low. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2013\/p1105-colorectal-cancer-screening.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. (n.d.-c). Colorectal cancer statistics. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cancer\/colorectal\/statistics\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2011.554170"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","unstructured":"Dillard J. P. (2015). Message advocating obtaining a colonoscopy. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/James_Dillard2\/publications?pubType=dataset"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.20041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365096023001002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1997.1341"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","volume-title":"Personality and psychotherapy","author":"Dollard J.","year":"1950","unstructured":"Dollard J., Miller N. E. (1950). Personality and psychotherapy. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(90)90158-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","volume-title":"GLOBOCAN 2002: Cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide","author":"Ferlay J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ferlay J., Bray F., Pisani P., Parkin D. M. (2004). GLOBOCAN 2002: Cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide (IARC CancerBase No. 5, Version 2.0). Lyon, France: IARC Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026999300402808"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling: A second course","author":"Hancock G. R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hancock G. R., Lawrence F. R. (2006). Using latent growth curve models to evaluate longitudinal change. In Hancock G. R., Mueller R. O. (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course (pp. 171-186). Greenwich, CT: Information Age."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19312450709336664"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","volume-title":"Communication and persuasion","author":"Hovland C.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Hovland C., Janis I., Kelley H. (1953). Communication and persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.424"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Advances in experimental social psychology","author":"Janis I. L.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Janis I. L. (1967). Effects of fear arousal on attitude change: Recent developments in theory and research. In Berkowitz L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 167-222). New York, NY: Academic Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365093020003001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2011.00341.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","first-page":"1130","volume-title":"Handbook of personality theory and research","author":"McGuire W. J.","year":"1968","unstructured":"McGuire W. J. (1968). Personality and susceptibility to social influence. In Borgatta E. F., Lambert W. W. (Eds.), Handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 1130-1180). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637751.2016.1158412"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","first-page":"184","volume-title":"The handbook of persuasion","author":"Mongeau P. A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mongeau P. A. (2013). Fear appeals. In Dillard J. P., Shen L. (Eds.), The handbook of persuasion (2nd ed., pp. 184-199). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Colon and rectal cancer. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/cancertopics\/types\/colon-and-rectal"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Parkin D. M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Parkin D. M., Whelan S. L., Ferlay J., Teppo L., Thomas D. B. (2002). Cancer incidence in five continents (Vol. 8, no. 155). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2012.703527"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-1-200901060-00308"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Social psychophysiology: A source book","author":"Rogers R. W.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rogers R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In Cacioppo J. T., Petty R. E. (Eds.), Social psychophysiology: A source book (pp. 153-176). New York, NY: The Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Handbook of health behavior research I: Personal and social determinants","author":"Rogers R. W.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rogers R. W., Prentice-Dunn S. (1997). Protection motivation theory. In Gochman D. S. (Ed.), Handbook of health behavior research I: Personal and social determinants (pp. 113-132). New York, NY: Plenum."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.20042"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12840\/issn.2255-4165.2014.02.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","volume-title":"Paper presented at ICA conference","author":"Shen L.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shen L., Wang L., Seung S. (2015, May). Putting the fear back again: Revisiting the role of fear in fear appeal. Paper presented at ICA conference, San Juan, Puerto Rico."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","first-page":"303","volume-title":"Social psychology and behavioral medicine","author":"Sutton S. R.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sutton S. R. (1982). Fear-arousing communications: A critical examination of theory and research. In Eisner J. R. (Ed.), Social psychology and behavioral medicine (pp. 303-337). New York, NY: John Wiley."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(07)70246-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.2.249"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637759209376276"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637759409376328"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019810002700506"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/108107396127988"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Prediction and change of health behavior: Applying the reasoned action approach","author":"Yzer M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yzer M. (2007). Does perceived control moderate attitudinal and normative effects on intention: A review of conceptual and methodological issues. In Ajzen I., Albarracin D., Hornik R. (Eds.), Prediction and change of health behavior: Applying the reasoned action approach (pp. 111-127). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."}],"container-title":["Communication Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650216631097","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0093650216631097","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650216631097","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:03:17Z","timestamp":1777395797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0093650216631097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0093650216631097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650216631097","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-6502","1552-3810"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-6502","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3810","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]]}}}