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Raney proposed a schema-based theoretical expansion of this model, wherein moral judgments of characters and disposition formation\u2014facilitated by the activation of character-schema (e.g., hero\/villain)\u2014might occur prior to the observation of behavior. Three experimental studies were conducted to test Raney\u2019s hypotheses and to integrate them into Zillmann\u2019s original models. Study 1 indicates that visual cues associated with heroes and villains evoke character-consistent moral judgments absent character behaviors. Study 2 demonstrates that character-schema activation is magnified by the presence of an opposing character. Finally, Study 3 demonstrates that schema-based moral judgments can bias approbation of behaviors and subsequent moral judgments of characters. Theoretical implications and directions for future research are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650217699934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,4]],"date-time":"2017-04-04T03:42:25Z","timestamp":1491277345000},"page":"479-501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Sensing Heroes and Villains: Character-Schema and the Disposition Formation Process"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Grizzard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY, USA"}]},{"given":"Jialing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY, USA"}]},{"given":"Kaitlin","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY, USA"}]},{"given":"Changhyun","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY, USA"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0093650217699934","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.55.3.387"},{"key":"bibr2-0093650217699934","volume-title":"A theory of narrative","author":"Altman R.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr3-0093650217699934","unstructured":"Arbuckle J. 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