{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T15:51:14Z","timestamp":1774021874534,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]],"date-time":"2017-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Communication Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The key assumption of spiral of silence theory is that opinion climate perceptions affect political opinion expression. We meta-analyzed the strength of this relationship and clarified the impact of theoretically relevant moderators. Sixty-six studies collectively including more than 27,000 participants were located. We observed a significant positive relationship ( r = .10; Zr = .10) between opinion climate and opinion expression. This relationship was not weaker in online as compared with offline opinion expression environments. Also, the relationship did not vary by the number of the targets of opinion expression, the opinion of the targets, the opinion climate characteristics, and the design, measurement, and sample characteristics. The largest silencing effect ( r = .34), however, was observed when participants talk to their family, friends, or neighbors about obtrusive issues. Overall, our findings suggest that the relationship between opinion climate perception and political opinion expression is stronger and more robust than previously thought. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650217745429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,13]],"date-time":"2017-12-13T08:51:20Z","timestamp":1513155080000},"page":"3-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"title":["The \u201cSpiral of Silence\u201d Revisited: A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship Between Perceptions of Opinion Support and Political Opinion Expression"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Matthes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Knoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"von Sikorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vienna, Austria"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"key":"bibr2-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032968"},{"key":"bibr3-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/edt033"},{"key":"bibr4-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015"},{"key":"bibr5-0093650217745429","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr6-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01463373.2012.704567"},{"key":"bibr7-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/eds023"},{"key":"bibr8-0093650217745429","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association","author":"*Donsbach W.","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr9-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650215593145"},{"key":"bibr10-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"bibr11-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-008-0096-y"},{"key":"bibr12-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2013.879198"},{"key":"bibr13-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfw006"},{"key":"bibr14-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439313504261"},{"key":"bibr15-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650215616456"},{"key":"bibr16-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2016.05.002"},{"key":"bibr17-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/297808"},{"key":"bibr18-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203125007-7","volume-title":"The spiral of silence: New perspectives on communication and public opinion","author":"Glynn C. J.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr19-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/268879"},{"key":"bibr20-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/9.3.213"},{"key":"bibr21-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/106461799246762"},{"key":"bibr22-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.1994.9963007"},{"key":"bibr23-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.21914"},{"key":"bibr24-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2007.00368.x"},{"key":"bibr25-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199793471.013.31"},{"key":"bibr26-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650211428608"},{"key":"bibr27-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/13.1.45"},{"key":"bibr28-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2010.505503"},{"key":"bibr29-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.486"},{"key":"bibr30-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"bibr31-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01292986.2012.725178"},{"key":"bibr32-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650207313159"},{"key":"bibr33-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/edh065"},{"key":"bibr34-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.2.193"},{"key":"bibr35-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985031"},{"key":"bibr36-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x"},{"key":"bibr37-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/6.1.1"},{"key":"bibr38-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23808985.2017.1291280"},{"key":"bibr39-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/eds017"},{"key":"bibr40-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/16.1.39"},{"key":"bibr41-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15205436.2013.847460"},{"key":"bibr42-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.35"},{"key":"bibr43-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-014-0078-8"},{"key":"bibr44-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107769909106800114"},{"key":"bibr45-0093650217745429","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication","author":"*Lee H.","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr46-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01292986.2014.885536"},{"key":"bibr47-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0129298042000256758"},{"key":"bibr48-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7300.1479"},{"key":"bibr49-0093650217745429","volume-title":"Practical meta-analysis: Applied social research methods series","author":"Lipsey M. W.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr50-0093650217745429","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the ICA","author":"*Liu X.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr51-0093650217745429","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the AEJMC","author":"*Matera F. R.","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr52-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/eds006"},{"key":"bibr53-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/edu032"},{"key":"bibr54-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118783764.wbieme0024"},{"key":"bibr55-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203125007-6","volume-title":"The Spiral of Silence. New perspectives on communication and public opinion","author":"Matthes J.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr56-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/eds015"},{"key":"bibr57-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650210362685"},{"key":"bibr58-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/15.4.454"},{"key":"bibr59-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365001028002001"},{"key":"bibr60-0093650217745429","first-page":"561","volume-title":"The SAGE handbook of media process and effects","author":"Metzger M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr61-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764215580618"},{"key":"bibr62-0093650217745429","volume-title":"Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Association for Public Opinion Research","author":"*Mohn E. L.","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr63-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0362-3319(01)00174-4"},{"key":"bibr64-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107769900107800102"},{"key":"bibr65-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203125007-10","volume-title":"The spiral of silence: New perspectives on communication and public opinion","author":"Moy P.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr66-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/1.1.3"},{"key":"bibr67-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3088437"},{"key":"bibr68-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077699013503162"},{"key":"bibr69-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650215623837"},{"key":"bibr70-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2016.1211539"},{"key":"bibr71-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hcre.12118"},{"key":"bibr72-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650204269388"},{"key":"bibr73-0093650217745429","first-page":"67","volume":"9","author":"*Noelle-Neumann E.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Studies in Broadcasting"},{"key":"bibr74-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1974.tb00367.x"},{"key":"bibr75-0093650217745429","volume-title":"The spiral of silence: Public opinion, our social skin","author":"Noelle-Neumann E.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr76-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2017.1343812"},{"key":"bibr77-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/8.4.335"},{"key":"bibr78-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.07.066"},{"key":"bibr79-0093650217745429","volume-title":"The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you","author":"Pariser E.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr80-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15205436.2014.946997"},{"key":"bibr81-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15506878jobem4402_7"},{"key":"bibr82-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.90.1.175"},{"key":"bibr83-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/14.1.37"},{"key":"bibr84-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scoms.2015.03.002"},{"key":"bibr85-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1075547006293918"},{"key":"bibr86-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167214528990"},{"key":"bibr87-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.638"},{"key":"bibr88-0093650217745429","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Political communication yearbook, 1984","author":"Salmon C. T.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr89-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107769909006700312"},{"key":"bibr90-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107769909407100203"},{"key":"bibr91-0093650217745429","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association","author":"*Scherer H.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr92-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/12.1.3"},{"key":"bibr93-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365001028003003"},{"key":"bibr94-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/eds022"},{"key":"bibr95-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107769909707400313"},{"key":"bibr96-0093650217745429","first-page":"415","volume-title":"Mass media effects research: Advances through meta-analysis","author":"Shanahan J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr97-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17544750.2015.1046186"},{"key":"bibr98-0093650217745429","first-page":"44","volume":"33","author":"*Spinda J. S. W.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kentucky Journal of Communication"},{"key":"bibr99-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077699016630255"},{"key":"bibr100-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/268729"},{"key":"bibr101-0093650217745429","first-page":"35","volume":"10","author":"*Tokinoya H.","year":"1989","journal-title":"KEIO Communication Review"},{"key":"bibr102-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23808985.2017.1288551"},{"key":"bibr103-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"bibr104-0093650217745429","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. (2015). Package metafor. Retrieved from https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/metafor\/metafor.pdf"},{"key":"bibr105-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077699016628822"},{"key":"bibr106-0093650217745429","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association","author":"*Wang Z.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr107-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411402480"},{"key":"bibr108-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01292989509364723"},{"key":"bibr109-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/8.2.187"},{"key":"bibr110-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/14.4.391"},{"key":"bibr111-0093650217745429","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Mass communication review yearbook","author":"Winter J. P.","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr112-0093650217745429","first-page":"79","volume":"12","author":"*Xiadong Y.","year":"2016","journal-title":"China Media Research"},{"key":"bibr113-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2010.01533.x"},{"key":"bibr114-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.03.086"},{"key":"bibr115-0093650217745429","volume-title":"Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association","author":"*Yun H.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr116-0093650217745429","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444815625942"},{"key":"bibr117-0093650217745429","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Communication yearbook 2","author":"Zucker H. G.","year":"1978"}],"container-title":["Communication Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650217745429","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0093650217745429","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0093650217745429","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T18:26:50Z","timestamp":1740767210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0093650217745429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0093650217745429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650217745429","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-6502","1552-3810"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-6502","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3810","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]}}}