{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T18:11:52Z","timestamp":1770487912808,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609891200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1711,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am. J. Law. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This Article explores the connections between emerging infectious diseases, domestic disease panics, global health, and the law by comparing the American response to Ebola to the initial American response to the AIDS epidemic. We demonstrate that in both cases the arrival of a new deadly disease was initially met with fear, stigma and the use of law to \u201cother\u201d those associated with the disease. We begin by reviewing the initial responses to the AIDS epidemic. We then offer a brief history of emerging infectious disease scares over the past few decades, highlighting the problematic rhetoric that paved the way for the Ebola panic. We then review the 2014 Ebola outbreak, noting its similarities and distinctions from the early AIDS epidemic. Finally, we examine United States policies regarding HIV and Ebola in Africa. We conclude with some tentative observations about the relationship between germ panics, law, and public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0098858816658269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,22]],"date-time":"2016-07-22T18:57:48Z","timestamp":1469213868000},"page":"223-255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Perils of Panic"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy E.","family":"Parmet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h376"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref019","first-page":"107","volume":"93","author":"Salbu","year":"1999","journal-title":"The FDA and Public Access to New Drugs: Appropriate Levels of Scrutiny in the Wake of HIV, AIDS, and the Diet Drug Debacle"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref032","volume":"351","author":"Hermann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Criminalizing Conduct Related to HIV Transmission"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref039","volume":"3","author":"Garrett","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Next Pandemic"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref076","volume":"75","author":"Champagne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Access to Essential Medicines in Developing Countries: The Role of International Intellectual Property Law and Policy in the Access Crisis"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref051","volume":"1763","author":"Mitman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ebola in a Stew of Fear"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref057","volume":"709","author":"Winston","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Impact of Removing the Immigration Ban on HIV-Infected Persons"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref015","first-page":"85","volume":"84","author":"Cook","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Mass-Mediated Epidemic: The Politics of AIDS on the Nightly News"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref033","volume":"506","author":"Washer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lay Perceptions of Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Commentary"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gostin, Larry et al., AIDS Litigation Project: Objective Description of Trends in AIDS Litigation, at 11\u201313 (1990)","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440140087037"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref061","volume":"4","author":"Epstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Demographic Impact of HIV\/AIDS"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref044","first-page":"321","volume":"319","author":"Annas","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Statue of Security: Human Rights and Post 9\/11 Epidemics"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref031","volume":"1017","author":"Gostin","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Politics of AIDS: Compulsory State Powers, Public Health, and Civil Liberties"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref016","first-page":"126","volume":"105","author":"Salbu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Needle Exchange, HIV Transmission, and Illegal Drug Use: Informing Law and Public Policy with Science and Rational Discourse"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref004","volume":"305","year":"1981","journal-title":"Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma and Pneumocystis Pneumonia among Homosexual Men \u2013 New York and California"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref073","volume":"2097","author":"Emanuel","year":"2012","journal-title":"PEPFAR and Maximizing the Effects of Global Health Assistance"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref078","volume":"485","author":"Ostroff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Institutional Setting: Another Hot Zone"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref017","volume":"512","author":"Soto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evaluation of Public Health Interventions"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref010","volume":"7","author":"Parmet","year":"1997","journal-title":"No Longer Disabled: The Legal Impact of the New Social Construction of HIV"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref001","volume":"2348","author":"Gonsalves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Panic, Paranoia, and Public Health \u2013 The AIDS Epidemic\u2019s Lessons for Ebola"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref022","volume":"8","author":"Hancock","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIDS and the Law"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref065","first-page":"194","volume":"187","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"The \u2018Mexico City Policy\u2019 and Its Effects on HIV\/AIDS Services in Sub-Saharan Africa"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref025","volume":"1231","author":"Buchanan","year":"2015","journal-title":"When is HIV a Crime? Sexuality, Gender and Consent"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref034","volume":"497","author":"McDade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases: 10 Years Running"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref026","volume":"192","author":"Tomes","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Making of a Germ Panic, Then and Now"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref055","first-page":"379","volume":"375","author":"Gatter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ebola, Quarantine, and Flawed CDC Policy"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref063","volume":"715","author":"Stoneburner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Population-Level HIV Declines and Behavioral Risk Avoidance in Uganda"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref027","volume":"282","author":"Ungar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Moral Panic Versus the Risk Society: The Implications of the Changing Sites of Social Anxiety"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref047","volume":"123","author":"Kraut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immigration, Ethnicity, and the Pandemic"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref083","volume":"17","author":"Chapman","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Social Determinants of Health, Health Equity, and Human Rights"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref006","volume":"11","author":"Leonard","year":"1985","journal-title":"AIDS and Employment Law Revisited"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref009","volume":"263","author":"Farmer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Social Inequalities and Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref053","volume":"367","author":"Hodge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Legal Myths of Ebola Preparedness and Response"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref066","volume":"2150","author":"Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ground Zero: AIDS Research in Africa"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref036","first-page":"1715","volume":"1715","author":"Oeltmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Outbreak Among US-bound Hmong Refugees, Thailand, 2015"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref038","volume":"28","author":"Lederberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Summary and Assessment"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref054","volume":"1090","author":"Spencer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Having and Fighting Ebola \u2014 Public Health Lessons from a Clinician Turned Patient"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref048","unstructured":"Parmet, Wendy E. , Public Health & Social Control: Implications for Human Rights, at 14\u201318 (Northeastern Pub. Law and Theory Faculty Working Paper Series No. 44-2010, 2010)"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70152-9"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref018","first-page":"310","volume":"292","author":"Siegel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lessons from a Plague"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref056","volume":"240","author":"Asgary","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ebola Policies that Hinder Epidemic Response by Limiting Scientific Discourse"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref035","volume":"1795","author":"Farnham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 Disease Incidence and Risk Factors"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref052","author":"Davtyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addressing Ebola-related Stigma: Lessons Learned from HIV\/AIDS"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref024","volume":"267","author":"Drass","year":"1997","journal-title":"Social, Cultural, and Temporal Dynamics of the AIDS Case Congregation: Early Years of the Epidemic"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref003","volume":"49","author":"Ungar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hot Crises and Media Reassurances: A Comparison of Emerging Diseases and Ebola Zaire"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref081","volume":"6","author":"Mann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Medicine and Public Health, Ethics and Human Rights"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref079","volume":"381","year":"1995","journal-title":"Outbreak of Ebola Viral Hemorrhagic Fever \u2014 Zaire, 1995"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref046","volume":"2141","author":"Washer","year":"2006","journal-title":"The \u201cHospital Superbug\u201d: Social Representations of MRSA"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref023","volume":"681","author":"Leonard","year":"1985","journal-title":"Employment Discrimination Against Persons with AIDS"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref068","unstructured":"James, John S. , Bush Proposes Near Tripling of U.S. Commitment on Global HIV Epidemic, 388 AIDS Treatment News (2003)"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref059","volume":"456","author":"Minkoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physicians\u2019 Obligations to Patients Infected with Ebola: Echoes of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref028","volume":"845","author":"Humphreys","year":"2002","journal-title":"No Safe Place: Disease and Panic in American History"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref072","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Politicization of HIV Prevention: The Cynicism of U.S. Assistance to Africa"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref060","volume":"83","author":"Staiano-Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quarantine"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref077","volume":"517","author":"Thornton-Millard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intellectual Property Rights and the AIDS Epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref062","volume":"1109","author":"Piot","year":"1987","journal-title":"Retrospective Seroepidemiology of AIDS Virus Infection in Nairobi Populations"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref020","volume":"1","author":"Wainberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"HIV and Ebola: Similarities and Differences"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref037","first-page":"94","volume":"91","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Estimating The Global Economic Costs of SARS"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref074","volume":"1415","author":"Bilimoria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lessons Learned from a Decade of Partnership Between PEPFAR and the Global Fund: A Case Study from Tanzania"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref064","volume":"60","author":"Gow","year":"2002","journal-title":"The HIV\/AIDS Epidemic in Africa: Implications for U.S. Policy"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref013","volume":"968","author":"Sember","year":"2006","journal-title":"\u201cLet the Record Show\u2026\u201d: Art Activism and the AIDS Epidemic"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref067","volume":"33","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Obligation and Human Health: Evolving Policy Responses to HIV\/AIDS"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref049","first-page":"782","volume":"779","author":"Rushton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Global Health Security: Security for Whom? Security from What?"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref041","volume":"13","author":"Benjamin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health Legal Preparedness: A Framework for Action"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref050","volume":"36","author":"Ungar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hot Crises and Media Reassurance: A Comparison of Emerging Diseases and Ebola Zaire"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref012","volume":"121","author":"Stempniak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Seeking Asylum Status for HIV-Positive Aliens Based On Membership in a Persecuted Social Group: An Alternative to Overturning the United States\u2019 Exclusion of HIV-Positive Aliens from Immigration"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref002","volume":"955","author":"Joffe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Representations of Far-Flung Illnesses: The Case of Ebola in Britain"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref043","first-page":"95","volume":"83","author":"Parmet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dangerous Perspectives: The Perils of Individualizing Public Health Problems"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref075","volume":"989","author":"De Cock","year":"2015","journal-title":"A Tale of Two Viruses: HIV, Ebola and Health Systems"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref007","first-page":"37","volume":"34","author":"Field","year":"1990","journal-title":"Testing for AIDS: Uses and Abuses"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref045","volume":"763","author":"King","year":"2002","journal-title":"Security, Disease, Commerce: Ideologies of Postcolonial Global Health"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref058","first-page":"43","volume":"43","author":"Glantz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Risky Business: Setting Public Health Policy for HIV Infected Healthcare Professionals"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref014","volume":"146","author":"Drain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ebola: Lessons Learned from HIV and Tuberculosis Epidemics"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref042","first-page":"351","volume":"341","author":"Mariner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pandemic Preparedness: A Return to the Rule of Law"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref071","volume":"173","author":"Leventhal","year":"2010","journal-title":"PEPFAR: Preaching Abstinence at the Cost of Global Health and Other Misguided Relief Policies"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref005","volume":"1465","author":"Durack","year":"1981","journal-title":"Opportunistic Infections and Kaposi's Sarcoma in Homosexual Men"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref069","volume":"567","author":"Hammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Health Initiatives and Health System Development: The Historic Quest for Positive Synergies"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref082","volume":"510","author":"Burris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Integrating Law and Social Epidemiology"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref008","volume":"245","author":"Eisenberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"The Genesis of Fear: AIDS and the Public\u2019s Response to Science"},{"key":"S009885880000397X_ref040","volume":"106","year":"2004","journal-title":"Update: Adverse Events Following Civilian Smallpox Vaccination"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Law &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0098858816658269","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0098858816658269","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S009885880000397X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T17:56:05Z","timestamp":1656870965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S009885880000397X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":["Ebola, HIV, and the Intersection of Global Health and Law"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S009885880000397X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0098858816658269","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-8588","2375-835X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-8588","type":"print"},{"value":"2375-835X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}}}