{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:39:05Z","timestamp":1777862345736,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J R Soc Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the early 1980s, Iraq was a middle-income and rapidly developing country with a well-developed health system. A few decades later \u2013 after wars, sanctions and a violent sectarian upsurge \u2013 child and maternal health indicators have deteriorated, its poverty headcount index is at 22.9% and diseases such as cholera have remerged. Today Iraq is beset by chronic political deadlock and a complexity of economic challenges; accordingly, all aspects of life are suffering, including health. Irrespective of the monumental investment to improve components of the health system, via national and international efforts, the health status of the population can only advance through resounding and synergistic effort in other aspects of life affecting health: the social determinants of health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076814530684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]],"date-time":"2014-05-15T19:23:11Z","timestamp":1400181791000},"page":"187-193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Living conditions in Iraq: 10 years after the US-led invasion"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Rawaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Hassounah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Dubois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Abdalrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Raheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0141076814530684","unstructured":"The United Nation \u2013 UN IRAQ.\n                      Progress in Iraq: The Mellenium Develeopment Goals,\n                      2011. See http:\/\/unami.unmissions.org\/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=bgHcDIXr8-s%3d&tabid=2790&language=en-US (last checked 15 August 2013)."},{"key":"bibr2-0141076814530684","unstructured":"British Broadcasting Channel (BBC).\n                      Middle East: Iraq Profile,\n                      2013. See http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-14542954 (last checked 15 August 2013)."},{"key":"bibr3-0141076814530684","unstructured":"The World Bank.\n                      The World Bank Data: Iraq\n                      , 2012. See http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/country\/iraq (last checked 15 August 2013)."},{"key":"bibr4-0141076814530684","volume-title":"Motivation and Personality","author":"Maslow AH","year":"1970"},{"key":"bibr5-0141076814530684","unstructured":"Government of Iraq and Ministry of Health.\n                      The Iraq Public Sector Modernization, Assessment and Functional Review Report. Baghdad,\n                      2012. See http:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/irq\/programmes\/iraq-public-sectormodernization-i-psm.html (last checked 18 March 2013)."},{"key":"bibr6-0141076814530684","unstructured":"World Health Organization.\n                      Iraq Country Cooperation Strategy, 2005\u201310\n                      . See http:\/\/www.who.int\/countryfocus\/cooperation_strategy\/ccs_irq_en.pdf (last checked 18 June 2013)."},{"key":"bibr7-0141076814530684","unstructured":"Bailey C.\n                      Winnning the Hearts and Minds: Providing the Basic Needs First,\n                      2005. See http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/cgi-bin\/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA432392 (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr8-0141076814530684","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Marmot Review Team. \u2018\n                      Fair Society Healthy Lives\u2019\n                      (\n                      The Marmot Review\n                      ), 2010. See http:\/\/www.instituteofhealthequity.org\/projects\/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review (last checked 20 March 2014).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199931392.003.0019"},{"key":"bibr9-0141076814530684","unstructured":"World Health Organization.\n                      Iraq Health Profile,\n                      2011. See http:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/countries\/irq.pdf (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr10-0141076814530684","unstructured":"World Health Organization-Global Health Observatory.\n                      Middle Eastern Region: Iraq Statistics,\n                      2011. See http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gho\/data\/view.country.10700 (last checked 27 August 2013)."},{"key":"bibr11-0141076814530684","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawaf S. The 2003 Iraq war and avoidable death toll.\n                      PLoS Med\n                      2013; 10: e1001532.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001532"},{"key":"bibr12-0141076814530684","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagopian A, Flaxman AD, Takaro TK, et\u00a0al. Mortality in Iraq associated with the 2003\u20132011 war and occupation: findings from a national cluster sample survey by the University Collaborative Iraq Mortality Study\n                      . PLoS Med\n                      2013; 10: p. e1001533.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001533"},{"key":"bibr13-0141076814530684","unstructured":"Ala'din Alwan.\n                      Health in Iraq,\n                      2004. See http:\/\/www.who.int\/hac\/crises\/irq\/background\/Iraq_Health_in_Iraq_second_edition.pdf (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr14-0141076814530684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61023-4"},{"key":"bibr15-0141076814530684","unstructured":"British Broadcasting Channel (BBC).\n                      Iraq Death Toll \u2018Tops 1,000\u2019 in July, Highest in Years,\n                      2013. See http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-23531834 (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr16-0141076814530684","unstructured":"IRIN and IRAQ.\n                      \u201cPressing need\u201d for Drinking Water in Basra as Curfew Bites\n                      . See http:\/\/www.irinnews.org\/report\/77455\/iraq-pressing-need-for-drinking-water-in-basra-as-curfew-bites (last checked 18 June 2013)."},{"key":"bibr17-0141076814530684","unstructured":"Adriaensens D.\n                      Child Kidnapping in Iraq: Another Legacy of US Military Occupation,\n                      2012. See http:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/child-kidnapping-in-iraq-another-legacy-of-us-military-occupation\/5313358 (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr18-0141076814530684","unstructured":"Drake J. Kidnap in Iraq.\n                      Iraq Business News 2011\n                      . See http:\/\/www.iraq-businessnews.com\/2011\/01\/11\/kidnap-in-iraq\/ (last checked 20 March 2014)\n                      .\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr19-0141076814530684","unstructured":"International Office of Migration Geneva (IOM).\n                      Iraq Special Report-Shelter,\n                      2009. See http:\/\/www.iomiraq.net\/Documents\/IOM%20IRAQ%20SPECIAL%20REPORT%20-%20SHELTER.pdf (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr20-0141076814530684","unstructured":"Ministry of Construction and Housing.\n                      Iraq National Housing Policy.\n                      Baghdad: MoCH, 2010. See http:\/\/www.moch.gov.iq\/habitat\/045%20English%20File%20iraq%20national%20housing%20policy.pdf (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr21-0141076814530684","unstructured":"Iraqi Media Net.\n                      Prime Minister Interview with political and economist experts,\n                      2013. See http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NqfAbiEYmYU&desktop_uri=%252Fwatch%253Fv%253DNqfAbiEYmYU&autoplay=1&app=desktop (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr22-0141076814530684","unstructured":"Hajaj C and Dhayi B.\n                      Lack of Safe Water Endangers the Health of Baghdad\u2019s Most Deprived Children,\n                      2007. See http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/emergencies\/iraq_39172.html (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr23-0141076814530684","unstructured":"World Health Organization.\n                      Cholera in Iraq,\n                      2012. See http:\/\/www.iauiraq.org\/documents\/1811\/cholera%20in%20IRaq%202012.pdf (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr24-0141076814530684","unstructured":"British Broadcasting Channel (BBC).\n                      Baghdad Diary: Searching for Power,\n                      2010. See http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/10437279 (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr25-0141076814530684","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-007-9171-9"},{"key":"bibr26-0141076814530684","unstructured":"Shafaq News.\n                      Breaking News\u2026 Shahristani\u2019s Office Talks About the Latter\u2019s Resignation,\n                      2013. See http:\/\/www.shafaaq.com\/en\/politics\/6737-breaking-news-shahristanis-office-talks-about-the-latters-resignation-html (last checked 26 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr27-0141076814530684","unstructured":"World Health Organization.\n                      Iraq Committed to Improving Road Safety,\n                      2011. See http:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/irq\/iraq-news\/iraq-committed-to-improving-road-safety.html (last checked 26 March 2013)."},{"key":"bibr28-0141076814530684","unstructured":"The United States Department for Agriculture (USDA).\n                      USDA in Iraq, Factsheet,\n                      2010. See http:\/\/www.fas.usda.gov\/country\/Iraq\/development\/Iraqfactsheet09710.pdf (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr29-0141076814530684","unstructured":"USAID-Iraq.\n                      AGRICULTURAL POLICY DIALOGUE SERIES #11 Transforming the Iraqi Public Distribution System\n                      (\n                      PDS\n                      )\n                      into a Dynamic Economic Development Tool,\n                      2011. See https:\/\/www.inma-iraq.com\/sites\/default\/files\/11_transforming_the_iraqi_public_distribution_system_2011jan00.pdf (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr30-0141076814530684","unstructured":"The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), I.f.S.\n                      Education\n                      (\n                      all levels\n                      )\n                      Profile \u2013 Iraq,\n                      2011. See http:\/\/stats.uis.unesco.org\/unesco\/TableViewer\/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=en&BR_Country=3680 (last checked 25 August 2013)."},{"key":"bibr31-0141076814530684","unstructured":"Steele J. The Iraqi brain drain.\n                      The Guardian\n                      , 2006. See http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2006\/mar\/24\/iraq.jonathansteele (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr32-0141076814530684","unstructured":"The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).\n                      Iraq Education in Transition Needs and Challenges,\n                      2004. See http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/education\/iraq\/na_13jan2005.pdf (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr33-0141076814530684","unstructured":"The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).\n                      UNESCO Praises the Iraqi Parliament for Approval of the New Literacy Law,\n                      2011. See http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/new\/en\/iraq-office\/about-this-office\/single-view\/news\/unesco_praises_the_iraqi_parliament_for_approval_of_the_new_literacy_law\/ (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr34-0141076814530684","unstructured":"The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, U.N.D.P., Central Statistical Office-Iraq, Commission of Integrity, Kurdistan region Statistical Office.\n                      Corruption and Integrity Challenges in the Public Sector of Iraq an Evidence-Based Study,\n                      2012. See http:\/\/www.iq.undp.org\/Items\/Publications\/248\/Documents\/Corruption%20and%20integrity%20challenges%20In%20the%20public%20sector%20of%20.pdf (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr35-0141076814530684","unstructured":"Kami A. Iraq approves $100.5 bln budget for 2012.\n                      Reuters\n                      , 2012. See http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/2012\/02\/23\/iraq-budget-idUSL5E8DN9EL20120223 (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr36-0141076814530684","unstructured":"Iraq Knowledge Network.\n                      Labour Force Factsheet,\n                      2011. See http:\/\/www.japuiraq.org\/documents\/1582\/LB%20Factsheet-English.pdf (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr37-0141076814530684","unstructured":"The United Nations Country Team Iraq.\n                      The Iraq Briefing Book,\n                      2010. See http:\/\/iq.one.un.org\/documents\/115\/Briefing_Book_English2011.pdf (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr38-0141076814530684","unstructured":"Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology (COSIT).\n                      National Strategy for Poverty Reduction \u2013 First Edition.\n                      Baghdad: High Committee for Povery Reduction Policie, 2009. See http:\/\/www.iauiraq.org\/documents\/1057\/PRS-ENG.pdf (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr39-0141076814530684","unstructured":"Ministry of Planning and Central Statistical Organisation.\n                      Consumer Price Index-Iraq 2009\u20132010\n                      . October 2010. See http:\/\/cosit.gov.iq\/en\/index-numbers\/consumer-price-indices (last checked 26 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr40-0141076814530684","unstructured":"The United Nations Secuirty Council.\n                      Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2107\n                      (\n                      2013\n                      )\n                      , Security Council Removes Iraq from Chapter VII Obligations over Return of Kuwaiti Nationals,\n                      2013. See http:\/\/www.un.org\/News\/Press\/docs\/2013\/sc11050.doc.htm (last checked 20 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr41-0141076814530684","unstructured":"The World Bank.\n                      Country Brief,\n                      2013. See http:\/\/web.worldbank.org\/WBSITE\/EXTERNAL\/COUNTRIES\/MENAEXT\/IRAQEXTN\/0,menuPK:313115\u223cpagePK:141132\u223cpiPK:141107\u223ctheSitePK:313105,00.html (last checked 15 August 2013)."},{"key":"bibr42-0141076814530684","unstructured":"Ahtissari M.\n                      Report On Humanitarian Needs in Iraq in the Immediate Post-Crisis Environment by a Mission to the Area Led by the Under-Secretary-General for Administration and Management\n                      , 10\u201317 March 1991. See www.casi.org.uk\/info\/undocs\/s22366.html (last checked 20 March 2014)."}],"container-title":["Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0141076814530684","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0141076814530684","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0141076814530684","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:10:25Z","timestamp":1777525825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0141076814530684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0141076814530684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0141076814530684","relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-0768","1758-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-0768","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}}}