{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T12:35:46Z","timestamp":1782304546522,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J R Soc Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Summary<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the association between household size and risk of non-severe or severe COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A longitudinal observational study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study utilised UK Biobank linked to national SARS-CoV-2 laboratory test data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>401,910 individuals with available data on household size in UK Biobank.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Household size was categorised as single occupancy, two-person households and households of three or more. Severe COVID-19 was defined as a positive SARS-CoV-2 test on hospital admission or death with COVID-19 recorded as the underlying cause; and non-severe COVID-19 as a positive test from a community setting. Logistic regression models were fitted to assess associations, adjusting for potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 401,910 individuals, 3612 (1%) were identified as having suffered from a severe COVID-19 infection and 11,264 (2.8%) from a non-severe infection, between 16 March 2020 and 16 March 2021. Overall, the odds of severe COVID-19 was significantly higher among individuals living alone (adjusted odds ratio: 1.24 [95% confidence interval: 1.14 to 1.36], or living in a household of three or more individuals (adjusted odds ratio: 1.28 [1.17 to 1.39], when compared to individuals living in a household of two. For non-severe COVID-19 infection, individuals living in a single-occupancy household had lower odds compared to those living in a household of two (adjusted odds ratio: 0.88 [0.82 to 0.93].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Odds of severe or non-severe COVID-19 infection were associated with household size. Increasing understanding of why certain households are more at risk is important for limiting spread of the infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/01410768211073923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T07:37:32Z","timestamp":1643960252000},"page":"138-144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Association between household size and COVID-19: A UK Biobank observational study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8417-9700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare L","family":"Gillies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK"},{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Applied Research 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