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Further, it considers the scientific questions of whether the therapeutic effect of ECT is partly due to its non-seizure components, such as anesthesia and subthreshold electrical stimulation. Finally, further trials are suggested to compare ECT to treatments that highly resemble these non-ictal components. Such research could potentially answer these questions and explore the indications for these alternatives, which have less intense adverse effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01410768251381771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T03:34:39Z","timestamp":1759203279000},"page":"5-7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Further studies comparing ECT to potential alternatives may reveal confounding by its non-seizure components"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Christopher James","family":"Dubey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Patient, Activist, and Independent Scholar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","volume-title":"Treated worse than animals: abuses against women and girls with psychosocial or intellectual disabilities in institutions in India","author":"Human Rights Watch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. 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