{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T03:11:20Z","timestamp":1777864280800,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,1]],"date-time":"1998-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":893980800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J R Soc Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A collection of 893 historical picture postcards from 1900 to 1935, depicting dwarfs and giants, was analysed from medical and psychosocial viewpoints. In conditions such as \u2018bird headed dwarfism\u2019, achondroplasia, cretinism, so-called Aztecs or pinheads, Grebe chondrodysplasia, and acromegalic gigantism, the disorder could be diagnosed easily. In hypopituitary dwarfism, exact diagnosis was more difficult because of heterogeneity. The most common conditions depicted were pituitary dwarfism and achondroplasia. Most of those with gigantism had pituitary gigantism and acromegaly. Brothers and sisters or parents and their children provided evidence of mendelian inheritance of some of these disorders. The cards suggest that being put on show provided, at least in some cases, social benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689809100511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T05:56:17Z","timestamp":1496123777000},"page":"273-278","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Dwarfism and gigantism in historical picture postcards"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Enderle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Department, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-014107689809100511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EnderleA, Meyerh\u00f6ferD, UnverfehrtG Small People\u2014Great Art: Restricted Growth from an Artistic and Medical Viewpoint. Hamm: Artcolor Verlag, 1994: 13\u201325, 65\u2013317.","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-4488(94)90083-3"},{"key":"bibr2-014107689809100511","unstructured":"HoltT, HoltV Picture Postcards of the Golden Age. London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1971: 23\u201342."},{"key":"bibr3-014107689809100511","unstructured":"TillW Alte Postkarten. Augsburg: Battenberg Verlag, 1994: 9\u201327."},{"key":"bibr4-014107689809100511","first-page":"1.1","volume-title":"Orthop\u00e4die in Praxis und Klinik","author":"Enderle A","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr5-014107689809100511","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320440217"},{"key":"bibr6-014107689809100511","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19961218)66:3<269::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"bibr7-014107689809100511","unstructured":"BeightonP Inherited Disorders of the Skeleton. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1988: 46\u20139."},{"key":"bibr8-014107689809100511","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.23.4.328"},{"key":"bibr9-014107689809100511","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.49.11.904"},{"key":"bibr10-014107689809100511","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6084.427"},{"key":"bibr11-014107689809100511","first-page":"129","volume":"35","author":"Steendijk R.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Helv Paediatr Acta"},{"key":"bibr12-014107689809100511","unstructured":"JobJ-C, PiersonM Pediatric Endocrinology. New York: John Wiley, 1981: 32\u2013144."},{"key":"bibr13-014107689809100511","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.24.139"},{"key":"bibr14-014107689809100511","unstructured":"FrasierSD Pediatric Endocrinology. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1980: 67\u2013118."},{"key":"bibr15-014107689809100511","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Sammlung gemeinverst\u00e4ndlicher wissenschaftlicher Vortr\u00e4ge.","author":"Bollinger O.","year":"1884"},{"key":"bibr16-014107689809100511","first-page":"385","author":"Zander R.","year":"1903","journal-title":"Naturwissen Wochenschr"},{"key":"bibr17-014107689809100511","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1936.02770200019007"},{"key":"bibr18-014107689809100511","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0090-4481-19800401-08"},{"key":"bibr19-014107689809100511","first-page":"23","volume":"35","author":"Schlaginhaufen O.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Bull Schweiz Ges Anthropol"},{"key":"bibr20-014107689809100511","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-190309000-00001"},{"key":"bibr21-014107689809100511","first-page":"359","volume":"18","author":"Lamberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"bibr22-014107689809100511","first-page":"78","volume":"32","author":"Virchow R.","year":"1900","journal-title":"Z Ethnol"},{"key":"bibr23-014107689809100511","first-page":"3266","volume":"23","author":"Pemmer H.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Wiener Geschichstbl\u00e4tter"},{"key":"bibr24-014107689809100511","unstructured":"ScheuglH Show Freaks und Monster. K\u00f6ln: M Du Mont Schauberg, 1974: 169\u201371."},{"key":"bibr25-014107689809100511","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.133.2.160"},{"key":"bibr26-014107689809100511","first-page":"29","volume":"8","author":"Scott CI","year":"1977","journal-title":"Birth Def Orig Art Ser"},{"key":"bibr27-014107689809100511","unstructured":"AblonJ Little People in America. New York: Westpoint, 1984: 65\u201372."},{"key":"bibr28-014107689809100511","volume-title":"Maybe the Moon.","author":"Maupin A","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr29-014107689809100511","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00343234"},{"key":"bibr30-014107689809100511","unstructured":"JansenGW Die Einstellung der Gesellschaft zu K\u00f6rperbehinderten. Neuburgweier: Schindele Verlag, 1972: 13, 139."},{"key":"bibr31-014107689809100511","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Sociology and Everyday Life.","author":"Truzzi M.","year":"1968"},{"key":"bibr32-014107689809100511","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1982.tb01589.x"},{"key":"bibr33-014107689809100511","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(18)30206-8"},{"key":"bibr34-014107689809100511","unstructured":"RolleW Als Liliputaner um die Welt. Halle: Verlag Hallische Nachrichten, 1937: 1\u2013216."},{"key":"bibr35-014107689809100511","unstructured":"HoltmanJ Freak Show Man. The Autobiography of Harry Lewiston. Los Angeles: Holloway House, 1968: 140\u20131."}],"container-title":["Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/014107689809100511","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/014107689809100511","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:39:25Z","timestamp":1777527565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/014107689809100511"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,5]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/014107689809100511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/014107689809100511","relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-0768","1758-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-0768","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1095","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,5]]}}}