{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T01:55:22Z","timestamp":1768010122726,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]],"date-time":"2017-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This research article attempts to investigate the dynamic behavior of the heptads\u2019 effect evaporator (HEE) used to concentrate the weak black liquor during the Kraft recovery process in a paper industry. In order to fully characterize the HEE unit, a complete understanding of its performance for steady state and transient conditions is required. For this purpose, a set of first order nonlinear differential equations have been developed for the backward feed flow configuration (BFFC) for an unsteady state. Further, the developed non-linear model is linearized and linear state space equations obtained. The dynamic response of the system in terms of vapor temperature and liquor concentration changes for different changes in input liquor flow rate has been investigated. The rise, delay and settling times for the temperature deviation from steady state have been found to be significantly less as compared with that for the concentration deviation. The results also indicate that each effect of HEE acts as an individual first order system. The placement of such first order systems in series makes both the liquor concentration and vapor temperatures response more sluggish progressively with each subsequent effect. Finally, a Cascade-PID control strategy has been implemented and shown to exhibit differentiated and improved dynamic performance of the HEE system versus open-loop dynamic response. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0142331217700239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]],"date-time":"2017-04-27T09:07:16Z","timestamp":1493284036000},"page":"2278-2290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Modeling, simulation and control of the dynamics of a Heptads\u2019 effect evaporator system used in the Kraft recovery processes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Om Prakash","family":"Verma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India"}]},{"given":"Toufiq Hazi","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India"}]},{"given":"Shubham","family":"Mangal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Manik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(98)00011-3"},{"key":"bibr2-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.5450460409"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr3-0142331217700239","first-page":"6","volume":"5","author":"Argo BD","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology"},{"key":"bibr4-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-1354(84)87011-8"},{"key":"bibr5-0142331217700239","author":"Bequette BW","year":"1998","journal-title":"Process dynamics: Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation"},{"key":"bibr6-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2007.10.012"},{"key":"bibr7-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012097362-0\/50006-6"},{"key":"bibr8-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690170512"},{"key":"bibr9-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2004.06.070"},{"key":"bibr10-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-9164(90)80071-I"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr11-0142331217700239","first-page":"387","volume":"33","author":"Farsi M","year":"2009","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology"},{"key":"bibr12-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2016.1180480"},{"key":"bibr13-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3182\/20131218-3-IN-2045.00132"},{"key":"bibr14-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2013.08.016"},{"key":"bibr15-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2006.06.009"},{"key":"bibr16-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2006.09.002"},{"key":"bibr17-0142331217700239","volume-title":"Process Heat Transfer","author":"Kern DQ","year":"1950"},{"key":"bibr18-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2009.05.003"},{"key":"bibr19-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2010.11.001"},{"key":"bibr20-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2012.02.039"},{"key":"bibr21-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(01)00004-4"},{"key":"bibr22-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie00061a019"},{"key":"bibr23-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2004.03.007"},{"key":"bibr24-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/i260042a011"},{"key":"bibr25-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-1354(79)80044-7"},{"key":"bibr26-0142331217700239","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IPPTA international seminar on energy conservation in pulp and paper industry","author":"Rao NJ","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr27-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2014.09.015"},{"key":"bibr28-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0260-8774(91)90007-F"},{"key":"bibr29-0142331217700239","first-page":"274","volume":"74","author":"Smith PD","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of South African Sugar Technology Association"},{"key":"bibr30-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2010.05.035"},{"key":"bibr31-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-1524(94)00001-S"},{"key":"bibr32-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0260-8774(90)90002-P"},{"key":"bibr33-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2220-0_9"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr34-0142331217700239","first-page":"5287","volume":"9","author":"Verma OP","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Control Theory and Applications"},{"key":"bibr35-0142331217700239","first-page":"1","author":"Verma OP","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management"},{"key":"bibr36-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-0451-3_87"},{"key":"bibr37-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-016-0533-0"},{"key":"bibr38-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0142331215597296"},{"key":"bibr39-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-7135(94)90090-6"},{"key":"bibr40-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1205\/026387699526340"},{"key":"bibr41-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1934-2659.1443"},{"key":"bibr42-0142331217700239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002029409502800602"}],"container-title":["Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0142331217700239","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0142331217700239","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0142331217700239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T16:30:59Z","timestamp":1740760259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0142331217700239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0142331217700239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0142331217700239","relation":{},"ISSN":["0142-3312","1477-0369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0142-3312","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]]}}}