{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T16:00:14Z","timestamp":1777910414162,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a robust fault diagnosis scheme based on modified sliding mode observer, which reconstructs wind turbine hydraulic pitch actuator faults as well as simultaneous sensor faults. The wind turbine under consideration is a 4.8 MW benchmark model developed by Aalborg University and kk-electronic a\/s. Rotor rotational speed, generator rotational speed, blade pitch angle and generator torque have different order of magnitudes. Since the dedicated sensors experience faults with quite different values, simultaneous fault reconstruction of these sensors is a challenging task. To address this challenge, some modifications are applied to the classic sliding mode observer to realize simultaneous fault estimation. The modifications are mainly suggested to the discontinuous injection switching term as the nonlinear part of observer. The proposed fault diagnosis scheme does not require know the exact value of nonlinear aerodynamic torque and is robust to disturbance\/modelling uncertainties. The aerodynamic torque mapping, represented as a two-dimensional look up table in the benchmark model, is estimated by an analytical expression. The pitch actuator low pressure faults are identified using some fault indicators. By filtering the outputs and defining an augmented state vector, the sensor faults are converted to actuator faults. Several fault scenarios, including the pitch actuator low pressure faults and simultaneous sensor faults, are simulated in the wind turbine benchmark in the presence of measurement noises. Simulation results show that the modified observer immediately and faithfully estimates the actuator faults as well as simultaneous sensor faults with different order of magnitudes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0142331218754620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T12:31:07Z","timestamp":1532003467000},"page":"1504-1518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Robust actuator and sensor fault reconstruction of wind turbine using modified sliding mode observer"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Rahnavard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moosa","family":"Ayati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza Hairi","family":"Yazdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0142331215626247"},{"key":"bibr2-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0142331216644041"},{"key":"bibr3-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SysTol.2013.6693883"},{"key":"bibr4-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2014.2364956"},{"key":"bibr5-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2013.11.018"},{"key":"bibr6-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3182\/20110828-6-IT-1002.03469"},{"key":"bibr7-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2015.2389713"},{"key":"bibr8-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207179408923128"},{"key":"bibr9-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-1098(99)00177-6"},{"key":"bibr10-0142331218754620","volume-title":"LMI Control Toolbox, Users Guide","author":"Gahinet P","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr11-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39881-0_2"},{"key":"bibr12-0142331218754620","volume-title":"World Wind Energy Report 2011","author":"Gsanger S","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr13-0142331218754620","volume-title":"Fault Detection and Fault-Tolerant Control Using Sliding Modes","author":"Halim A","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr14-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3182\/20110828-6-IT-1002.03535"},{"key":"bibr15-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.12.005"},{"key":"bibr16-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11633-014-0790-9"},{"key":"bibr17-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCA.2010.5611266"},{"key":"bibr18-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3182\/20090630-4-ES-2003.00026"},{"key":"bibr19-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2013.2259235"},{"key":"bibr20-0142331218754620","first-page":"4421","volume-title":"Proceedings of European Wind Energy Conference 2009 (March)","author":"Odgaard PF","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr21-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3182\/20110828-6-IT-1002.02540"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr22-0142331218754620","first-page":"13","volume":"5","author":"Rahnavard M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Equipment and Systems"},{"key":"bibr23-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2014.04.005"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr24-0142331218754620","first-page":"3783","volume":"62","author":"Sanchez H","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics"},{"key":"bibr25-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulte H, Gauterin E (2015) Fault-tolerant control of wind turbines with hydrostatic transmission using Takagi\u2013Sugeno and sliding mode techniques. Annual Reviews in Control 40: 82\u201392. Available at: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2015.08.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2015.08.003"},{"key":"bibr26-0142331218754620","volume-title":"Observer based Active Fault Tolerant Control of Descriptor Systems","author":"Shi F","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr27-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.10.061"},{"key":"bibr28-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rnc.2993"},{"key":"bibr29-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2014.2364548"},{"key":"bibr30-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sloth C, Esbensen T, Stoustrup J (2011) Robust and fault-tolerant linear parameter-varying control of wind turbines. Mechatronics 21(4): 645\u2013659.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2011.02.001"},{"key":"bibr31-0142331218754620","volume-title":"Unknown Input Observer Approaches to Robust Fault Diagnosis","author":"Sun X","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr32-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan CP, Edwards C (2003) Sliding mode observers for robust detection and reconstruction of actuator and sensor faults. International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 13(5): 443\u2013463. Available at: http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/rnc.723 (accessed 28 November 2015).","DOI":"10.1002\/rnc.723"},{"key":"bibr33-0142331218754620","first-page":"957","volume-title":"Control Conference 2004. 5th Asian","volume":"2","author":"Tan CP","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr34-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118029008"},{"key":"bibr35-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-016-3054-0"},{"key":"bibr36-0142331218754620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IRSEC.2013.6529638"}],"container-title":["Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0142331218754620","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0142331218754620","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0142331218754620","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T14:56:57Z","timestamp":1777647417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0142331218754620"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0142331218754620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0142331218754620","relation":{},"ISSN":["0142-3312","1477-0369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0142-3312","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]}}}