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Consequently, this study presents an approach based on Multi-stage Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (MSNMPC) for integrated autonomous parking path planning and trajectory tracking optimization. The method represents the evolution of uncertainty parameters over time through a scenario tree, and the MSNMPC controller with a predictive horizon P defines P\u2009+\u20091 phases, each with specific cost and constraint functions that depend only on the vehicle state and control inputs of that phase to satisfy the constraints of all phases of the parking process. In addition, the method integrates path planning and tracking control into one optimization problem, which is solved online to achieve integrated parking control. Simulation confirms that, in comparison to MPC with RRT* hierarchical control, the integrated parking scheme of MSNMPC has less lateral error and offers superior flexibility and tracking performance. To verify the generality of the scheme, it was validated in the diagonal parking scenario and the vertical parking scenario, respectively. The results show that, compared to the control experiments, the parking elapsed time has been reduced by 10.76% and 9.02%, respectively, enhancing parking efficiency. In addition, the parking error has decreased by 30.77% and 38.46%, respectively, thus improving parking accuracy. Moreover, the minimum safe distance in the control scheme for addressing uncertainty factors is 0.7\u2009m greater than that of the control experiments, meeting the driving requirements for driverless vehicles in parking scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01423312241282832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T08:53:21Z","timestamp":1730278401000},"page":"2998-3012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrated automatic parking path planning and trajectory tracking optimization method"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2803-9439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junren","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2035-8489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongkang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changhao","family":"Piao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.3042120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2023.105635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36898-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2021.3087605"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.06.126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprocont.2019.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprocont.2019.10.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","first-page":"112135","article-title":"Fast nonlinear model predictive planner and control for an unmanned ground vehicle in the presence of disturbances and dynamic obstacles","volume":"12","author":"Khan S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan S, Guivant J (2022) Fast nonlinear model predictive planner and control for an unmanned ground vehicle in the presence of disturbances and dynamic obstacles. 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