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The proposed model utilizes a history-dependent nonlinear second-order system, encompassing various contractions: isometric, isotonic, and cyclic. Unlike previous approaches, it incorporates nonlinear stiffness-damping formulation (NSDF) to accurately represent SM\u2019s passive properties, independent of neural excitation. Allowing SM mass deflection for realistic bilateral movement, the model incorporates force\u2013length and force\u2013velocity relationships, yielding accurate SM dynamics predictions with less than 10% normalized force error deviation compared to neural excitation-based model. In addition, it exposes the time-varying natural frequency (TV-NF) of SM using the NSDF and damper coefficients, contributing to our understanding of SM diseases. The model shows a 28.07% rise in initial passive stiffness (IPS) and a 13.18% increase in TV-NF during passive stretching for both healthy and Osgood\u2013Schlatter disease scenarios. During cyclic contraction, IPS increases by 9.19%, TV-NF by 4.49%, and collaborative stiffness by 7.52%. Despite slight disparities in force and muscle length, the healthy muscle generates more power due to the diseased muscle\u2019s higher stiffness limiting length change. This research enhances biomechanical understanding in developing robotics and prostheses by considering SM\u2019s history-dependent dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01423312241291737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T06:17:59Z","timestamp":1736576279000},"page":"175-188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parameterizing history-dependent dynamics of skeletal muscle with a new nonlinear stiffness and damping formulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Berkay","family":"G\u00fcrkan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2261-8218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Iscan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Cuneyt","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2583464"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1968.4502575"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110839"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.247798"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13179"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00124244"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.19.3.255"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","first-page":"1643","article-title":"Comparison of human gastrocnemius forces predicted by Hill-type muscle models and estimated from ultrasound images","volume":"220","author":"Dick TJM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dick TJM, Biewener AA, Wakeling JM (2017) Comparison of human gastrocnemius forces predicted by Hill-type muscle models and estimated from ultrasound images. 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