{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:28:52Z","timestamp":1777465732174,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]],"date-time":"2003-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1064966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Modif"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Breathing training (BT) is commonly used for treatment of panic disorder. We identified nine studies that reported the outcome of BT. Overall, the published studies of BT are not sufficiently compelling to allow an unequivocal judgment of whether such techniques are beneficial. This article discusses problems with the underlying rationale, study design, and techniques used in BT, and it identifies factors that may have determined therapy outcomes. The idea that hypocapnia and respiratory irregularities are underlying factors in the development of panic implies that these factors should be monitored physiologically throughout therapy. Techniques taught in BT must take account of respiration rate and tidal volume in the regulation of blood gases (pCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). More studies are needed that are designed to measure the efficacy of BT using an adequate rationale and methodology. Claims that BT should be rejected in favor of cognitive or other forms of intervention are premature.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445503256324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,20]],"date-time":"2003-09-20T04:25:16Z","timestamp":1064031916000},"page":"731-754","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Breathing Training for Treating Panic Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Alicia E.","family":"Meuret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hamburg, Stanford University, and Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank H.","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University and Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Ritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hamburg, Stanford University, and Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walton T.","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University and Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01078-7"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800290027004"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Barlow, D. H. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford."},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v58n0106e"},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"Barlow, D. H. (Ed.). (2001). Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford."},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonn, J. A., Readhead, C. P. A. & Timmons, B. H. (1984). Enhanced behavioral response in agoraphobic patients pretreated with breathing retraining. Lancet, 2, 665-669.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91226-1"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(86)90011-2"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(85)90026-6"},{"key":"atypb10","unstructured":"Craske, M. G., Barlow, D. H. & Meadows, E. A. (2000). Mastery of your anxiety and panic (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: TherapyWorks, Graywind Publications."},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1997.tb01233.x"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048679509075898"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90148-4"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01454455890132001"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(92)90111-K"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(85)90008-X"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(96)00220-6"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.154.2.232"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(85)90008-X"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(91)90121-I"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(92)90046-J"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(93)90011-A"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688107400101"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445501254006"},{"key":"atypb25","unstructured":"Meuret, A. E., Wilhelm, F. H. & Roth, W. T. (in press). Respiratory feedback for treating panic disorder: Concept and illustration. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session."},{"key":"atypb26","unstructured":"Meuret, A. E., Wilhelm, F. H. & Roth, W. T. (2002, November). Respiratory training with feedback of end-tidal CO2 is a highly effective treatment for panic disorder. Paper presented at the 36th Annual Convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Reno, NV."},{"key":"atypb27","unstructured":"Meuret, A. E., Ritz, T., Wilhelm, T. H. & Roth, W. T. (submitted). Voluntary hyperventilation in treatment of panic disorder."},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(85)90032-1"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(86)90143-9"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00083-6"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.148.5.526"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.3.417"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.11.1571"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(93)90037-G"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1981.51.6.1625"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.8.1168"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02845710118895"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90026-Q"},{"key":"atypb39","unstructured":"van Doorn, P., Folgering, H. & Colla, P. (1982). Control of the end-tidal pCO2 in the hyperventilation syndrome: Effects of biofeedback and breathing instructions compared. Bulletin of European Physiopathological Respiration, 18, 829-836."},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01014-3"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01000-3"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(88)90138-6"},{"key":"atypb43","unstructured":"Zuercher-White, E. (1998). An end to panic: Breakthrough techniques for overcoming panic disorder (2nd ed.). Oakland, CA: New Harbinger."}],"container-title":["Behavior Modification"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0145445503256324","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0145445503256324","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:26:33Z","timestamp":1777382793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0145445503256324"}},"subtitle":["Useful Intervention or Impediment?"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0145445503256324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0145445503256324","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-4455","1552-4167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-4455","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]}}}